低舒张压的单纯收缩期高血压研究新进展
2015-04-21李春辉孟威宏
李春辉,孟威宏
低舒张压的单纯收缩期高血压研究新进展
李春辉,孟威宏*
(沈阳军区总医院干部病房一科,沈阳 110016)
在有些高龄患者中,会出现舒张压(DBP)<60mmHg高血压患者,即低DBP的单纯收缩期高血压(ISH)。越来越多的证据表明DBP<70mmHg对机体是不利的,而低DBP的ISH患者常具有更多的心血管危险因素和更多的心血管事件风险,成为老年高血压降压治疗的难点,使用硝酸酯类药物进行治疗可能是一个有益的选择。
低舒张压;高血压;老年人;J形曲线
单纯收缩期高血压(isolated systolic hypertension,ISH)是老年高血压的最常见类型,>70岁的高血压人群中ISH患病率>90%[1],在高龄老年高血压患者中甚至会出现舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)<60mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kpa)的ISH。我们对这种特殊类型的高血压往往认识不足,本文拟对近年来这种特殊类型的高血压的新进展做一综述。
1 低DBP的产生机制及病理生理意义
血压的变化与年龄存在一定相关性,一般在50~60岁以后,DBP开始呈现下降趋势[2,3],收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)继续随着年龄的增大而升高,脉压逐渐增大,所以老年高血压以ISH为常见,由于常常合并主动脉关闭不全,血压测量时大多采用柯氏音的第Ⅴ时相记录DBP。其DBP低的原因与动脉硬化弹性降低及心室舒张期、血管收缩功能下降等因素有关。老年人由于大动脉的硬化以及大血管弹力纤维被胶原纤维取代,使大血管弹性回缩力下降,同时小动脉血管阻力没有相应地增加[4],在心脏收缩时血管弹性扩张不足,使血管内压力迅速上升,表现为较高的SBP;而在心脏舒张期,由于大动脉与小动脉之间压力差的增大,使血液迅速流入小动脉,血管内压力快速下降,表现为较低的DBP。Mancusi等[5]发现,ISH患者左室心肌质量明显高于其他类型高血压患者,提示心肌重构也参与了这一过程的变化。而Franklin等[6]发现DBP<70mmHg的ISH患者年龄更高,且糖尿病和冠心病患病率是70mmHg≤DBP<90mmHg患者的2倍。上述情况说明年龄越高,DBP越低,脉压差越大,动脉硬化越重,更易发生心血管事件。
DBP降低可对机体产生相应危害,心脏收缩期冠状动脉血流量只有舒张期的20%~30%,DBP决定了冠脉的血流灌注,过低的DBP可能导致冠脉灌注不足。Franklin等[7]通过对1 924名年龄在50~79岁的无冠心病的高血压患者平均随访14.3年,发现>60岁的高血压患者DBP与冠心病的发病呈负相关。Fujishima等[8]观察无陈旧性心肌梗死的老年高血压患者发现DBP低于74.5mmHg是心电图呈现心肌缺血样改变的独立预测因子。Lagro等[9]还发现,老年高血压患者当出现低DBP的时候,23个月内死亡风险高达19%。Ungar等[10]发现脉压为78mmHg的ISH患者其死亡风险是平均脉压差为46mmHg组患者的5倍。而低DBP的ISH高血压患者脉压差将>90mmHg,其心脑血管事件和死亡风险将更高。因此,低的DBP不仅增加冠脉事件的风险,还与死亡风险的增加有关。
2 ISH患者降压治疗DBP最低耐受值的界定
研究者们对于降压治疗的J型曲线已争论了30多年,最早认为J点应>90mmHg,这一观点是1979年由Stewart等[11]提出的,通过对无并发症的原发性高血压患者随访6.5年发现,DBP<90mmHg与DBP在100~109mmHg相比,前者心肌梗死的风险增加了5倍。但后来的一些临床研究提示,最佳的DBP值应在80~90mmHg之间。1988年,Cruickshank[12]通过对6个临床试验共14 536名高血压患者的数据分析发现,对于有冠心病和周围动脉疾病的患者DBP J点是85mmHg。普伐他汀或阿托伐他汀评估和感染治疗−心肌梗死溶栓(PROVE IT-TIMI)22[13]研究数据也显示,对于心肌梗死患者,最佳DBP为80~90mmHg。国际缓释维拉帕米−群多普利研究[14](International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study,INVEST)表明DBP J点在84mmHg。若DBP达到此点后进一步降低,则致死或非致死性心脑血管事件发生率增加。当DBP降至70~60mmHg时,主要终点发生率增高了近1倍;当DBP<60mmHg时,主要终点发生率增高了2倍。Dorresteijn等[15]的研究也证明,有血管疾病的患者,最佳DBP为82mmHg,过低或过高都会导致心血管疾病及全因死亡率的增加。HOT研究[16]将DBP降至82.6mmHg,没有出现J形曲线。但近年来较多的证据表明,人体所能耐受的DBP应约在70mmHg。Arima等[17]通过对预防卒中复发(PROGRESS)研究数据分析发现,将DBP降至72mmHg时仍是安全的。日本一项针对>80岁的高龄老年高血压患者的随访发现[18],DBP<70mmHg死亡风险明显增高(RR值2.47)。Tringali等[19]对14270名高血压患者进行了为期2年的横断面调查,结果表明,DBP<70mmHg与高血压患者的全因死亡风险增加有关。而Framingham心脏研究(FHS)[20]最新数据也表明,DBP<70mmHg的ISH患者,与DBP在70~89mmHg的ISH患者相比,不仅冠状动脉风险增加,心力衰竭和缺血性卒中的风险也明显增加。不同的临床研究得出的最低DBP值存在很大的差异,INVEST研究[21,22]给我们新的提示,不同年龄,不同血运重建方式对DBP的耐受是不一样的,冠状动脉旁路移植术术后低DBP耐受值高于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后患者。这就提示我们患者对低灌注的耐受情况是受多方面因素影响的,不仅与DBP值有关,还可能与血液黏滞度、血小板黏附聚集能力、是否应用他汀类药及血管自身狭窄情况等多种因素有关。不同患者所能耐受DBP的最低值是不同的,但目前多数证据显示,ISH患者DBP<70mmHg对机体是不利的。
3 老年ISH患者如何从降压治疗中获益
早期研究认为,人体理想血压为115/75mmHg[23],血压每增加20/10mmHg,心血管死亡风险增加1倍。长期有效地控制血压可使心脑血管病发病率和死亡率大幅度下降。但新近临床研究显示,很少能直接将患者血压降至理想血压水平,老年高血压患者降压目标值为150/90mmHg[24−26],而这一目标值对ISH患者的降压治疗缺乏指导意义。
目前已经完成的有关老年高血压降压治疗的大型临床试验有9项(表1),其中老年人收缩期高血压项目(Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program,SHEP)、欧洲收缩期高血压临床试验(Systolic Hypertension-Europe,Syst-Eur)和中国收缩期高血压临床试验(Systolic Hypertension in China,Syst-China)等3项研究是专门针对ISH。Syst-Eur和Syst-China两项研究终点血压分别为152/79mmHg和150/81mmHg,试验结果表明,无论是在心脑血管事件还是全因死亡率上,患者都是获益的。SHEP研究入组患者平均DBP为75mmHg,治疗组终点DBP为68mmHg,对照组为73mmHg。治疗组在脑卒中发病率明显降低,但在心肌梗死和全因死亡率方面并没有明显获益。提示随着DBP的进一步下降,患者净获益在降低。目前还没有将ISH患者DBP降至<68mmHg获益的循证医学证据,因此就现有的循证医学证据而言,68~70mmHg应为ISH降压治疗的极限,更低的DBP能否从降压治疗中获益尚不确定。
4 老年低DBP的ISH治疗探讨
如何处理低DBP的ISH患者是一个非常棘手的问题。虽然指南指出老年人降压至150/90mmHg这一目标值,但因其没有体现出不同类型高血压在降压治疗方面的差异性,无法成为低DBP的ISH参照标准。对于DBP<68mmHg甚至<60mmHg的ISH的降压治疗尚无循证医学证据可循。2011年美国老年高血压专家共识[27]建议要尽量避免DBP<65mmHg的情况出现。尽管低DBP可能导致心肌灌注不足,但如果患者SBP过高仍可能导致心脑血管事件的发生,也就是说SBP高危害更大,应尽量把SBP降低到<140mmHg(<80岁)或<150mmHg(>80岁),如果血管狭窄严重,有缺血症状,应进行血管重建术,故SBP的升高程度是选择用药的基本标准。一些经验性的治疗提出[26],当DBP<60mmHg时,如SBP<150mmHg,不宜降压治疗;如SBP 150~179mmHg,可谨慎给予小剂量降压药;如SBP≥180mmHg,应给予小剂量降压药治疗。具体到患者时还应结合其年龄、临床症状、体征、血管狭窄程度及靶器官损害情况等综合判定,进行个体化用药。
表1 老年高血压的临床试验
EWPHE: European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly; SHEP: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program; STOP-H: Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension; MRC-elderly: Medical Research Council Trial of Treatment of Hypertension in Older Adults; Syst-Eur: Systolic Hypertension-Europe; Syst-China: Systolic Hypertension in China; SCOPE: The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly; HYVET: Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial; JATOS: Japanese Trial to Assess Optimal Systolic Blood Pressure in Elderly Hypertensive Patients; BP: blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure. 1mmHg=0.133kPa
当需要降压治疗时,选取哪种药物也是值得探讨的问题。由于ISH与动脉硬化明显相关,因此理论上具有抗动脉硬化的药物如血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor,ACEI)、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(angiotensin receptor blockers,ARB)、钙通道阻滞剂(calcium channel blocker,CCB)等[28]都适用于老年ISH的治疗。SHEP、Syst-Eur、Syst-China 3个ISH的临床试验证明,噻嗪类利尿剂(thiazine diuretics)或二氢吡啶类CCB可减少患者心、脑血管病的复合终点,尤其是显著减少脑卒中发生率,为ISH患者降压治疗提供了有效性和安全性证据。氯沙坦治疗伴有左室肥厚的ISH患者的心血管事件发生率和死亡率[29][氯沙坦干预终点缩小(Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction,LIFE)-ISH研究]的结果表明,在血压下降幅度相似的情况下,氯沙坦组的主要复合终点事件更低,且减少了新发糖尿病风险,降低了心血管死亡、全因死亡以及脑卒中的风险。LIFE-ISH研究提示,ARB类药物成为继利尿剂和CCB之后又一个有循证医学证据的治疗ISH的药物。但这些药物在降低SBP的同时也不同程度地降低了DBP,这对于低DBP的ISH患者来说就会存在降低冠脉灌注增加心血管事件的风险。
从理论上讲,适用于低DBP的ISH药物应最大限度地降低SBP,同时最低限度减少冠状动脉灌注。硝酸酯类药物通过释放一氧化氮改善大动脉顺应性,其对动脉的扩张主要体现在对大动脉而非终末阻力动脉血管。通过扩张大动脉的直径、增强动脉壁的舒张功能和改善动脉顺应性,从而达到降低SBP的目的,而此方法对DBP的影响非常有限;由于它具有扩张冠状动脉的作用,因此不会降低冠状动脉血流灌注。一些小型的临床观察[30−32],已显示出其在治疗ISH方面的可行性,前景看好,但尚缺乏大型临床试验的证据。
总之,低DBP的ISH是老年高血压处理的难点,要重视DBP过低所带来的潜在风险,尤其对于高龄老人,必须平衡其获益和风险,在充分遵循循证医学证据的前提下,做到选药个体化,尽量选择对DBP和冠状动脉灌注影响小的药物。随着经验的积累和不断地探索总结,优化针对这一特殊类型的高血压的治疗方法,必将进一步改善老年高血压患者的预后。
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(编辑: 李菁竹)
New research progress in isolated systolic hypertension with low diastolic pressure
LI Chun-Hui, MENG Wei-Hong*
(First Department of Cadre’s Wards, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China)
Some elderly hypertensive patients may manifest as diastolic blood pressure (DBP) lower than 60mmHg, a phenomenon known as isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) with low diastolic pressure. More and more evidence shows that DBP <70mmHg is detrimental to the body. What’s more, the ISH patients with lower DBP often have more risk factors and are of higher risk for cardiovascular events, which become a difficulty for the treatment of the elderly hypertension. Nitrates may be a good option.
low diastolic blood pressure; hypertension; aged; J-shaped curve
(12BJZ02).
R544.1; R592
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.08.129
2015−02−02;
2015−03−17
保健专项科研课题(12BJZ02)
孟威宏, E-mail: shuitianlianbi@sina.com