唑来膦酸在乳腺癌中抗肿瘤作用的研究进展
2015-04-16邱镜丹王建东
邱镜丹,李 荣,王建东
解放军总医院 普通外科,北京 100853
唑来膦酸在乳腺癌中抗肿瘤作用的研究进展
邱镜丹,李 荣,王建东
解放军总医院 普通外科,北京 100853
唑来膦酸(zoledronic acid,ZOL)作为第三代双磷酸盐(bisphosphonates,BPs)药物,是目前治疗乳腺癌骨转移的标准方案之一,其主要通过抑制破骨细胞介导的骨质破坏发挥作用。随着研究的深入,目前很多临床前试验证实唑来膦酸对肿瘤细胞有直接或间接的抑制作用,同时发现ZOL与抗肿瘤药物联合应用对肿瘤细胞具有一定的协同抑制作用。此外,多项临床试验证实,唑来膦酸具有预防乳腺癌患者术后复发,提高患者预后的作用。本文就上述研究新进展作一综述。
乳腺癌;唑来膦酸;骨转移;抗肿瘤药物
乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,全球范围内每年的新发病例约140万[1]。随着早期诊断技术和综合治疗水平的不断提高,乳腺癌的预后有了明显的改善,但仍有部分患者会发生局部复发或远处转移。发生远处转移的乳腺癌患者,约有80%合并骨转移[2]。双磷酸盐(bisphosphonates,Bps)是人工合成的焦磷酸盐类似物,有强大的抗骨吸收作用,主要用于代谢性骨病的治疗当中,如骨质疏松症、变形性骨炎、恶性肿瘤所致的高钙血症、晚期肿瘤骨转移。1977年第一代双膦酸盐药物—依替膦酸正式上市,成为第一个应用于临床的双膦酸盐类药物[3]。唑来膦酸(zoledronic acid,ZOL)是第三代双膦酸盐药物,目前已广泛应用于临床。唑来膦酸与同类其他药物相比,具有疗效高、给药剂量小、用药途径方便、安全性较好等优势[4-5]。唑来膦酸通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,阻滞细胞周期,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡[6]和抑制肿瘤细胞的黏附及入侵[7-10]对肿瘤细胞起到直接抑制作用;与此同时,其还可以通过抑制肿瘤血管生成[11-12],抑制肿瘤生长因子的释放[13-15],促进γδT细胞的活化和增殖,调节免疫反应[16-18]和抑制甲羟戊酸途径[19]对肿瘤细胞发挥间接的抑制作用。随着研究的深入,目前很多临床前试验证实唑来膦酸对肿瘤细胞有直接或间接的抑制作用,同时发现唑来膦酸与抗肿瘤药物联合应用对肿瘤细胞具有一定的协同抑制作用。此外,多项临床试验证实,唑来膦酸具有预防乳腺癌患者术后复发,提高患者预后的作用。本文就上述研究新进展作一综述。
1 唑来膦酸抗乳腺癌作用的临床前研究
多项临床前试验证实,唑来膦酸对于乳腺癌细胞除了有单独的抑瘤作用外,还与多种化疗药物有协同抑瘤作用。Neville-Webbe等[20]体外实验分6组进行:在乳腺癌MCF-7细胞中不加任何药物组、单独加入唑来膦酸组、单独加入紫杉醇组、同时加入唑来膦酸和紫杉醇组、唑来膦酸48 h后序贯紫杉醇组、紫杉醇48 h后序贯唑来膦酸组。结果显示:后3组细胞凋亡的比例分别为3.75%、2.4%和6.1%;此外,无论唑来膦酸和紫杉醇按照何种次序添加,两药合用引起的细胞凋亡比例均明显高于单用其中任何一种药物的凋亡比例(P<0.05)。上述研究结果表明,唑来膦酸与紫杉醇有协同抗肿瘤作用,协同作用的强弱与用药次序有关,紫杉醇序贯唑来膦酸的用药次序表现出更强的诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用。由此表明,用细胞毒药物刺激肿瘤细胞后可使肿瘤细胞对唑来膦酸的诱导凋亡作用更敏感。
Ottewell等[21]将乳腺癌MDA-MB-436细胞系种植于裸鼠皮下,随机分为6组,7 d后给6组荷瘤裸鼠分别注射0.9%氯化钠注射液、多柔比星、唑来膦酸、多柔比星同时唑来膦酸、多柔比星24 h后序贯唑来膦酸、唑来膦酸24 h后序贯多柔比星。每组均给药6周。结果显示,单独用药组和唑来膦酸24 h后序贯多柔比星组与0.9%氯化钠注射液组比较均未显示出明显的抑瘤效果;而多柔比星同时唑来膦酸组和多柔比星24 h序贯唑来膦酸组均能明显抑制肿瘤生长,其中,多柔比星24 h序贯唑来膦酸组抑制肿瘤生长的效果更显著。这说明化疗后应用唑来膦酸能发挥更强的抑制肿瘤生长的作用。Neville-Webbe等[22]开展了另一项研究也证实,多柔比星序贯唑来膦酸较单用其中任何一种药物或唑来膦酸序贯多柔比星有更强的促进乳腺癌MCF-7细胞系凋亡的作用,并且进一步研究发现,这种促进细胞凋亡的机制可能与甲羟戊酸通路有关。
Ottewell等[23]开展了另一项研究,将MDA-MB-231/ BO2细胞经鼠尾静脉注射至裸鼠体内,建立一个乳腺癌骨转移溶骨性破坏的模型,随机分为6组,各组荷瘤裸鼠分别注射0.9%氯化钠注射液、多柔比星、唑来膦酸、多柔比星同时唑来膦酸、多柔比星序贯唑来膦酸、唑来膦酸序贯多柔比星,结果发现,序贯用药组可显著抑制骨转移肿瘤细胞增殖、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、降低骨转移瘤的负荷,但对于骨外病灶无明显作用。由此可推断,乳腺癌骨转移患者行化疗序贯唑来膦酸治疗获益较大。
2 唑来膦酸抗乳腺癌作用的临床研究
奥地利乳腺癌和结直肠癌研究小组-12(Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group-12,ABCSG-12)试验:ABCSG-12开展了比较内分泌联合与不联合唑来膦酸治疗绝经前雌激素反应性早期乳腺癌患者疗效的Ⅲ期临床试验[24]。该研究共纳入1 803例早期绝经期雌激素反应性乳腺癌患者,随机分为实验组:戈舍瑞林(3.6 mg/28 d)加用他莫西芬(20 mg/d)或阿那曲唑(1 mg/d)联合唑来膦酸(4 mg/6个月),连用3年;对照组:戈舍瑞林(3.6 mg/28 d)加用他莫西芬(20 mg/d)或阿那曲唑(1 mg/d)不联合唑来膦酸。主要的研究终点为无病生存(disease free survival- no recurrence or death,DFS),次要研究终点为无复发生存(recurrence free survival,RFS)和总生存(overall survival,OS)。该研究中位随访时间为47.8个月,期间有137例复发或死亡,内分泌治疗组患者的DFS为90.8%,内分泌治疗联合唑来膦酸组的DFS为94.0%,加用唑来膦酸可将患者的DFS提高3.2%,疾病进展风险降低了36%(OR:0.64;95% CI:0.46 ~ 0.91;P=0.01);但是,加用唑来膦酸对于死亡风险无明显改善(OR:0.60;95% CI:0.32 ~ 1.11;P=0.11)。由此认为,对于绝经前雌激素反应性早期乳腺癌患者辅助内分泌治疗联合唑来膦酸可以提高DFS[25]。继续追踪该试验,中位随访时间62个月时,有186例复发或死亡,内分泌治疗组患者复发或死亡110例,DFS为87.8%,内分泌治疗联合唑来膦酸组复发或死亡76例,DFS为91.5%,由此可见,加用唑来膦酸可将患者的DFS提高3.7%,疾病进展风险降低32%(OR:0.68,95% CI:0.51 ~ 0.91;P=0.009);但是,该临床试验中,仅行内分泌治疗组的患者死亡43例,内分泌治疗联合唑来膦酸组的患者死亡30例,二者差异无统计学意义,说明加用唑来膦酸未明显降低患者的死亡风险(OR:0.67,95% CI:0.41 ~ 1.07;P=0.09)[24]。后续的试验结果表明,对于绝经前雌激素反应性早期乳腺癌患者,在接受内分泌治疗的同时联合唑来膦酸治疗,即使在唑来膦酸治疗结束后2年仍能获益。
Z-FAST、ZO-FAST、E-ZO-FAST分别为全球3个不同地区开展的开放性随机多中心乳腺癌患者辅助治疗项目,该项目观察唑来膦酸对预防绝经后激素受体阳性乳腺癌患者服用芳香化酶抑制剂导致骨丢失和骨相关事件发生的作用[26]。在试验过程中,研究者意外发现唑来膦酸对于改善乳腺癌患者的DFS和OS也有一定的作用。这3个方案是设计相似的随机双盲Ⅲ期临床研究,评估Ⅰ~Ⅲa期绝经后且激素受体阳性的术后行内分泌治疗的乳腺癌患者不同时间接受唑来膦酸治疗的效果。入组标准:ER+/PR+,绝经后,因卵巢切除、化疗或LHRH治疗导致闭经的乳腺癌患者,T score≥-2。Z-FAST在北美进行,ZO-FAST在除美国和加拿大以外的30个国家进行,E-ZO-FAST在欧洲、阿根廷、南非、韩国、黎巴嫩和阿拉伯联合国进行。所有入组患者随机分为两组:早期用药组(在接受来曲唑治疗的同时就给予4 mg/6个月的唑来膦酸治疗),延迟用药组(接受唑来膦酸治疗,直至出现骨密度T score<-2或发生骨相关事件后再给予4 mg/6个月唑来膦酸治疗)。随访至12个月时3项临床试验均表明,绝经后激素受体阳性乳腺癌患者接受来曲唑同时辅助唑来膦酸治疗能够有效防止骨丢失,保护骨密度[26]。随访至36个月时ZO-FAST试验结果显示,与延迟用药组相比,早期给药组除了能有效防止骨丢失,预防骨相关事件的发生外,在抑制肿瘤复发和转移方面也发挥作用。DFS相对危险度降低41%(OR:0.588;95% CI:0.361 ~ 0.959;P=0.033 14)[27]。Z-FAST试验结果显示,两组患者的DFS基本接近,差异无统计学意义[28]。
唑来膦酸联合新辅助化疗降低复发(neo-adjuvant zoledronic acid to reduce recurrence,AZURE)试验:AZURE是一项评价辅助治疗[辅助化疗/新辅助化疗和(或)内分泌治疗]联合或不联合唑来膦酸对于存在复发或转移风险的Ⅱ/Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者生存率和复发率影响的前瞻性随机对照临床试验[29]。该试验将入组的3 360例患者随机分为联合用药组和非联合用药组,联合用药组中位随访59.3个月的结果与非联合用药组中位随访58.6个月的结果比较,发现两组患者的DFS和OS差异均无统计学意义(P=0.79、0.07)。该研究将3 360例中行新辅助化疗的205例随机分为新辅助化疗联合唑来膦酸组和新辅助化疗组,以病理估计的残余肿瘤的最大直径(RITS)和病理完全缓解率(pCR)作为评价指标;分析结果表明,联合用药组的RITS明显小于对照组(15.5 mm vs 27.4 mm,P=0.006),但是病理完全缓解率两组差异无统计学意义(12% vs 7%,P=0.146)。尽管上述亚组分析中唑来膦酸显示出明显的抗肿瘤活性,但是在后续的随访中发现,与对照组相比,联合用药组在改善DFS方面并没有明显的优势[30]。该研究中基于月经状态的亚组分析发现,对于入组时绝经5年以上的患者,辅助治疗联合唑来膦酸治疗可将DFS事件的发生风险降低24%,在绝经5年以上和60岁以上的人群中,死亡风险可降低29%[31]。这表明,唑来膦酸发挥抗肿瘤作用的强弱与雌激素水平密切相关,低雌激素水平更有利于唑来膦酸发挥协同的抗肿瘤作用。
3 结语
多项临床前试验及临床试验均已证实,唑来膦酸除了具有强大的抗骨质吸收作用外,还能通过多种机制发挥直接或间接的抗肿瘤作用,并且能与其他标准的抗肿瘤治疗方式(化疗或内分泌治疗等)序贯或联合,起到协同抗肿瘤作用。目前正在进行的NSABP B-34[32]、SWOG 0307[33]和GAIN[34]临床试验也会在不久的将来提供更多的临床依据来证实唑来膦酸在早期乳腺癌的抗肿瘤治疗中的有效作用。也有多项临床试验结果表明,对于不同雌激素水平的乳腺癌患者,联合应用唑来膦酸抗肿瘤治疗的疗效有差异,但具体机制尚需进一步研究。此外,唑来膦酸抗肿瘤作用的分子靶点与信号通路方面的研究,以及作为抗肿瘤治疗用药的最适人群、用药方案、用药时间等的选择和制订问题是今后我们研究的目标和方向。
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Advances in antitumor effects of zoledronic acid in breast cancer
QIU Jingdan, LI Rong, WANG Jiandong
Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
WANG Jiandong. Email: vicky1968@163.com; LI Rong. Email: lirong@medmail.com.cn
Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is the third generation of bisphosphonates (BPs) that has been used as the standard treatment of osseous metastasis in breast cancer and it plays a role in treating breast cancer by inhibiting bone destruction mediated by osteoclast. Recently, many research findings indicate that ZOL can inhibit tumor cells directly or indirectly, furthermore, we also find that the antitumor effect of ZOL is enhanced when combined with chemotherapy. Many clinical trials data indicate that ZOL also plays a role in both preventing relapse and reducing the probability of skeletal and visceral metastases after surgery. The present review assesses the available preclinical and clinical evidence of the antitumor effect of ZOL in treating breast cancer.
breast cancer; zoledronic acid; bone metastasis; antitumor drug
R 655.8
A
2095-5227(2015)06-0634-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.06.031
时间:2015-3-10 9:36
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150310.0936.002.html
2014-12-23
北京市自然科学基金项目(7142151)
Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (7142151)
邱镜丹,女,在读博士,医师。研究方向:乳腺肿瘤的基础与临床。Email: qiujingdan301@126.com
王建东,博士,主任医师,副教授,硕士生导师。Email: vicky1968@163.com;李荣,博士,主任医师,教授,博士生导师。Email: lirong@medmail.com.cn