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维生素代谢水平对肝癌的影响

2015-03-21张凌云许国雄

肝脏 2015年8期
关键词:羟基肝细胞肝癌

张凌云 许国雄

·综述·

维生素代谢水平对肝癌的影响

张凌云 许国雄

我国是肝癌高发生率国家之一,晚期肝癌死亡率极高,针对肝癌晚期的治疗并没有减低肝癌患者死亡率,也未能有效地缓解病人的临床症状。临床工作偏重于常规物质的检测与补充,往往忽略了维生素的检测及在肝癌辅助治疗中的作用。本文将针对维生素的代谢水平在肝癌发生发展及治疗中的研究做一综述,希望可以对未来的肝癌的临床治疗给予一些启示。

一、肝癌现状

肝癌是第五大常见的肿瘤,由于乙型肝炎病毒和丙型肝炎病毒的感染增多而呈逐年上升趋势[1]。据统计约54%肝癌发生在中国[2]。虽然针对肝癌的治疗有了长足的进步,但是肝癌死亡率仍然很高,5年生存率不足15%[3]。其原因除了晚期肝癌病人的复发和转移外,很大程度上是由于患者出现严重的营养不良和代谢紊乱,甚至是恶液质,但是临床偏重于蛋白等的检测,往往忽略了维生素的检测。

二、维生素概论

维生素是生物的生长和代谢所必需的微量有机物,分为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素两类。前者包括维生素A、D、E、K等,后者有维生素B1(硫胺素)、B2(核黄素)、B6、B12、泛酸、叶酸、尼克酸、生物素和维生素C。有流行病学资料显示机体的营养状况与肿瘤的病因与发病机制有关,不同的营养状况既可以促进肿瘤的发生,也可以抑制肿瘤的发生[4,5]。

三、各类维生素在肝癌中的研究

(一)脂溶性维生素与肝癌

1.维生素A(VA)VA与视力、免疫功能、细胞生长和分化有关[6]。早在1983年研究者发现VA可以通过结合黄曲霉素B1基因引起相关酶的改变进而导致肝癌和结肠癌[7]。最新研究显示VA的紊乱可以导致肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌的发生[8]。视黄酸受体可以调控VA的代谢产物(视黄酸)的多效反应,而视黄酸受体γ的过度表达可通过PI3K/Akt和NF-κB信号转导通路促进肝癌细胞的增殖[9]。

2.维生素D(VD)VD是一种甾体类化合物,主要的生理作用是调控矿物质和骨质平衡[10]。VD可以通过外部吸收(VD2)和光照后经胆固醇合成得到补充(VD3)[11],VD活化的第一步是在肝脏中羟基化形成25-羟基维生素D3[12],1,25-二羟基维生素D3是VD的最佳活性形式,主要在肾脏中合成[13]。一项针对肝癌和慢性肝病的长达22年的大规模病例对照研究显示基线VD水平的不同引起的肝癌发生率不同:基线高VD水平(>1.485mmol/L)的病人血浆25-羟基维生素D3的浓度与肝癌发生率呈负相关(Q4vs.Q1,OR=0.43,95%CI=0.21~0.89),但在基线低VD水平组(<1.485mmol/L)却没有这种关系;对于慢性肝病病人的致死率却与基线低VD水平无显著联系,而高血浆25-羟基维生素D3与慢性肝脏疾病的低死亡率呈显著相关(Q4vs.Q1,OR=0.34,95%CI=0.21-0.55)[14]。

VD3可通过结合核因子、维生素D受体[10,15]等起到抑制细胞增殖、抗血管发生、促凋亡和免疫调控的作用[15-17]。维生素D的缺乏和/或维生素D受体的异常可引起肝癌的发生和发展[18]。已有文献证实1,25-二羟基维生素D3可通过诱导细胞周期阻滞[19]、抑制肝癌细胞的增殖[20],但大量应用后引起的血钙紊乱则限制了1,25-二羟基维生素D3在临床中的应用。经改良后,1,25-二羟基维生素D3类似物如EB1089、CB1093和MART-10同样具有抑制肝癌细胞增殖的作用,还有效避免了血钙紊乱的发生[21,22]。另有报道显示EB1089还可通过诱导凋亡进而抑制肝癌的增殖[23]。检测血25羟基维生素D3浓度低于50nmol/L视为维生素D缺乏,被认为存在肝癌发生风险,但出乎意料的是高浓度的血25羟基维生素D3并不一定会减少肝癌发生的风险[24]。

一项针对终末期肝病等待肝移植的99例病人的研究显示88%患者存在维生素D不足或缺乏[25],可致骨质异常。可见VD与肝脏功能息息相关,肝脏功能差可致VD吸收合成障碍,而VD的不足又可进一步导致肝功能恶化。

3.维生素E(VE)VE是有效的抗氧化剂,可以保护细胞的结构和功能,抵抗自由基的侵害;同时也被认为参与信号转导通路和基因表达的调控[26]。一项针对中国人群的大规模随访研究显示食物吸收的VE和补充物来源的VE与肝癌发生风险呈负相关(HR=0.52,95%CI=0.30to0.90),在女性中更明显(HR=0.41,95%CI=0.18to0.96)[27]。CalvisiDF等在转基因小鼠中发现VE可通过抑制一氧化氮合酶和NADPH酶相关的活性氧的产生[28],诱导染色质损伤[29],抑制肝癌的进一步发生,这意味着VE可用于肝癌的预防。

4.维生素K(VK)VK最为熟知的功能是作为γ-谷氨酸羧化酶的辅酶,参与将转录后剩余的与蛋白结合的谷氨酸残基转化为γ-羧基谷氨酸[30]。VK缺乏诱导的凝血素增高可以作为诊断肝细胞肝癌的标志物[31]及预测肝细胞肝癌复发[32]。VK2和VK3可分别通过诱导凋亡并激活MEK/ERK信号转导通路[33],调控自噬[34]及激活细胞色素P450[35]抑制肝癌细胞的增殖[36]。另有研究者认为低水平VK的摄入可增加患骨质疏松症的风险,VK2(45mg/day)可作为预防骨质流失和脊柱骨质的保护剂[37]。前述VD也可影响骨质,可见脂溶性维生素不足或缺乏使晚期肝癌患者发生骨折风险升高。

(二)水溶性维生素与肝癌

1.维生素B(VB)对B族维生素与肝癌的研究最多的是VB6和VB12。针对104位原发性肝癌患者治疗后1个月的临床随访研究显示,给予VB6(50mL,QD)联合斑蝥酸钠的治疗组较单用斑蝥酸钠的对照组需要重新治疗的例数明显减少(P=0.01),治疗效果和影像学下肝癌的形态维持更好(P<0.05)。但是令人遗憾的是3个月的随访并没有明显差别[38]。提示VB6仅仅能在短时间内辅助加强治疗效果,其本身无治疗作用。

早在1946年Copeland和Salmon发现甲基供体(包括VB12)的缺乏可诱导啮齿动物肝癌的发展[39],这些缺少的甲基供体可以通过改变脂类代谢、氧化应激反应、降解一碳单位等[40]作为癌基因或辅助癌基进而导致肿瘤的发生[41]。VB12及叶酸的异常可引起DNA甲基化的异常而诱导肝细胞癌变[42]。Lildballe报道了一名15岁患纤维板层肝细胞肝癌的男孩,得出血浆VB12结合蛋白钴胺素可作为此类疾病的进展标志物[43];同样,在日本的一例手术后复发的纤维板层肝细胞肝癌的病理报道中作者也得出升高的VB12的结合容积可以作为此病的标志物[44];但是VB12在肝癌中是否可作为标志物并没有系统性研究。直到2014年Simonsen等进行了较大规模(273例)的病例对照研究,发现维生素B12及B12相关蛋白在慢性肝病和肝细胞肝癌中表达均较正常人群高,虽然作者得出结论认为VB12及相关蛋白的增高不能最为生物标志物来区分肝细胞肝癌及慢性肝病,但是在区分肝脏是否异常上仍有一定的临床应用价值[45]。在一项对于肝细胞肝癌的研究中发现Child-Turcot Pugh score(CTP分级)评分等级的高低与VB12的水平呈正相关(P=0.016)[46]。

2.维生素C(VC) Zhang等[27]针对国人的一项研究显示补充物来源的VC可增加肝癌的发生风险(HR=1.96,95% CI=1.29 to 2.98),而食物中的VC却与肝癌发生风险无关。一些研究显示VC 可抑制肝癌的发生[47],也有报道两者无关[48]。Zhang等[27]同时也发现入组时既患散发肝癌和有家族史的肝癌患者VC水平高,原因可能是这些患者更容易额外补充维生素C,这也可解释之前作者曾描述的VC会增加肝癌风险。

四、总结与展望

综观上述研究,在肝癌患者中各类维生素往往是缺乏的,所以晚期肝癌患者的营养匮乏并不仅仅表现白蛋白、血红蛋白等的减少。在实际临床工作中,常规补充血浆、白蛋白并不能满足机体对维生素等物质的需求,而即使临床医生给予患者复合维生素或单一维生素的补充,也往往不能满足机体的需要量。有文献显示血管的生成可受 VB6(吡哆醇和吡哆醛)的影响,高浓度 VB6可抑制血管的生成,而在肿瘤的发展中有大量的血管形成[49],肝癌患者往往维生素缺乏,从此角度考虑,只要患者肾功能正常即可给予大量水溶性维生素B6的补充,有可能起到抑制肿瘤血管增生的作用。

可见,维生素代谢与肝癌息息相关,检测患者维生素水平,系统性的研究、了解维生素的作用机制,有助于对肝癌进行更为有效预防及治疗。

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2015-04-11)

(本文编辑:冯珉)

201508复旦大学肿瘤学硕士研究生(张凌云);复旦大学附属金山医院中心实验室(许国雄)

许国雄,Email:guoxiong.xu@fudan.edu.cn

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