加权TOPSIS法在新疆农村妇女宫颈癌筛查项目绩效综合评价中的应用
2015-02-21盖莉莉张文华赵新辉井明霞
盖莉莉,张文华,赵新辉,窦 岚,井明霞
加权TOPSIS法在新疆农村妇女宫颈癌筛查项目绩效综合评价中的应用
盖莉莉,张文华,赵新辉,窦 岚,井明霞
目的 综合评价2009—2011年新疆14个农村妇女“两癌”筛查项目县(市)的宫颈癌筛查绩效,为提高筛查水平提供科学依据。方法 利用全国妇幼重大公共卫生服务项目信息直报系统和新疆宫颈癌筛查项目县级调查表,收集2009—2011年新疆14个项目县(市)宫颈癌筛查数据。应用加权TOPSIS法对新疆农村妇女宫颈癌筛查项目绩效进行综合评价,将收集到的数据指标经同趋势化处理、归一化处理确定最优向量和最劣向量,进而确定最优方案(A+)与最劣方案(A-),计算各评价对象与A+及A-的距离(Di+与Di-),继而得出各评价对象与A+的接近程度(Ci)并对其进行排序。结果 检出率最高的是D县,A县和B市最低;覆盖率最高的是K县,F县最低;涂片合格率最高的是K县,A县最低;报告规范率最高的是K县,最低是G县;切片符合率最高的是D县和K县,A县最低;各项目县培训率均在0.90%~0.99%之间;转诊率最高的是C市和M市,A县、D县、F县、G市、I县转诊率为0;个案上报率最高的是F县,G市和I县最低;知晓率最高的是E市,G市最低。宫颈癌筛查绩效综合评价从高到低依次为D县、K县、F县、L县、M市、N市、E市、H市、C市、J市、I县、B市、A县和G市。结论 加权TOPSIS法具有计算简便、应用灵活的特点,可用于新疆农村妇女宫颈癌筛查项目绩效评价中,为绩效排名较低的项目县调整实施方案和实施策略提供依据。
宫颈肿瘤;新疆[维吾尔自治区];TOPSIS法;农村卫生;妇女
盖莉莉,张文华,赵新辉,等.加权TOPSIS法在新疆农村妇女宫颈癌筛查项目绩效综合评价中的应用[J].中国全科医学,2015,18(12):1454-1457.[www.chinagp.net]
Gai LL,Zhang WH,Zhao XH,et al.Comprehensive evaluation of performance of cervical cancer screening program for women in rural areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region based on weighted TOPSIS[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(12):1454-1457.
为提高宫颈癌的早诊早治率,降低病死率,2009—2011年原卫生部、财政部、妇联联合组织对包括新疆14个项目县(市)(A~N)在内的全国221个县(区)开展农村妇女“两癌”筛查工作。由于新疆各项目县(市)对宫颈癌筛查项目的重视程度和技术水平等不同,导致各县(市)筛查项目绩效存在差异。本研究采用加权TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to solution)法对新疆14个项目县(市)宫颈癌筛查项目绩效进行综合评价,旨在了解各项目县(市)宫颈癌筛查的实际情况,判断其筛查绩效的优劣水平,为其提高筛查水平提供参考依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 资料来源 数据来源于全国妇幼重大公共卫生服务项目信息直报系统和新疆宫颈癌筛查项目县级调查表,从中收集2009—2011年新疆14个项目县(市)农村妇女宫颈癌筛查数据,数据准确可靠。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 研究过程 采用加权TOPSIS法对收集到的数据进行分析,将收集到的数据进行同趋势化处理,将高优指标转化为低优指标或将低优指标转化为高优指标,建立同趋势化后的原始数据;由于不同的指标有不同的度量单位和测量空间,为了在同一个量纲体系下对各指标进行评价,对原始数据进行归一化处理,建立归一化矩阵值;以归一化向量中评价指标的最大值作为最优向量,归一化向量中评价指标的最小值作为最劣向量,确定评价结果的“最优”和“最劣”向量,即最优方案(A+)与最劣方案(A-)。最后,计算各评价对象与A+及A-的距离(Di+与Di-),进而计算各评价对象与A+的接近程度(Ci)并对评价对象排序[1]。
1.2.2 计算方法
1.2.2.1 Di+与Di-
1.3 评价指标 评价指标来源于本课题组前期通过专家咨询法(Delphi法)和层次分析法建立的新疆宫颈癌筛查项目绩效评价指标体系。选取的指标及确定的权重见表1。
1.4 相关概念 TOPSIS法又叫理想解法,是系统工程中有限方案多目标决策分析的一种常用方法[2],多用于效益评价、项目评价、卫生决策和卫生事业管理等领域[3-4]。原始的TOPSIS法在原理上使用的是“欧几里得距离”公式,未考虑各目标相对重要性的“权重”[5],加权TOPSIS法可对指标进行加权,考虑各指标对评价结果影响的大小,使评价结果更能反映实际情况。
1.5 统计学方法 采用SPSS 17.0统计软件建立数据库,采用描述性分析法进行统计学分析。
2 结果
2.1 评价指标 从信息直报系统和县级调查表中收集到各评价指标的具体数据见表2。其中,检出率最高的是D县,A县和B市最低;覆盖率最高的是K县,F县最低;涂片合格率最高的是K县,A县最低;报告规范率最高的为K县,最低为G县;切片符合率最高的是D县和K县,A县最低;各项目县培训率均在0.90%~0.99%之间;转诊率最高的是C市和M市,A县、D县、F县、G市、I县转诊率为0;个案上报率最高的是F县,G市和I县最低;知晓率最高的是E市,G市最低。
表1 新疆农村妇女宫颈癌筛查项目绩效评价指标及其权重
Table 1 Index and weight of performance evaluation of cervical cancer screening for women in rural areas of Xinjiang
指标代码权重检出率X10.23覆盖率X20.13涂片合格率X30.09报告规范率X40.05切片符合率X50.10培训率X60.17转诊率X70.06个案上报率X80.06知晓率X90.11
2.2 同趋势化处理 本次选择的所有指标变化方向一致,无需同趋势化处理。
2.3 归一化处理 对原始数据进行归一化处理,建立的归一化矩阵值见表3。
2.4 确定A+与A-根据归一化矩阵值得到最优向量和最劣向量,进而得到A+=(0.78,0.51,0.30,0.28,0.29,0.28,0.45,0.88,0.50),A-=(0.00,0.04,0.24,0.24,0.25,0.25,0.00,0.00,0.02)。
2.5 计算Di+与Di-计算得到的Di+与Di-见表4。
表2 新疆农村妇女宫颈癌筛查绩效评价指标值
Table 2 Index value of performance evaluation of cervical cancer screening for women in rural areas of Xinjiang
项目县(市)X1(/10万)X2(%)X3(%)X4(%)X5(%)X6(%)X7(%)X8(%)X9(%)A051.400.780.900.860.9900.1512.89B020.740.800.910.880.9067.140.3428.04C82.7446.280.850.960.910.99100.000.0431.51D564.3334.570.900.970.990.9900.2858.76E23.8521.300.910.980.980.9899.070.4784.49F129.797.870.820.900.910.9002.9371.46G78.5136.110.790.850.900.99002.67H26.4490.620.950.970.950.906.260.8343.15I21.0765.340.800.900.890.970012.07J35.4433.510.840.910.910.9050.000.0545.00K328.54109.430.960.990.990.9574.210.8238.76L115.1285.670.950.980.980.9916.020.8162.33M160.0661.080.890.930.910.98100.000.1810.65N168.3240.400.900.940.920.9879.420.2343.06
注:A~N=14个项目县(市);X1=检出率,X2=覆盖率,X3=涂片合格率,X4=报告规范率,X5=切片符合率,X6=培训率,X7=转诊率,X8=个案上报率,X9=知晓率
表3 归一化矩阵值
2.6 计算Ci并排序 最终计算出14个项目县(市)的Ci,对其进行排序,见表4。
表4 新疆农村妇女宫颈癌筛查项目县(市)各指标值与最优方案的接近程度及排序
Table 4 Proximity of index value and optimal scheme and sequencing of the counties and cities with cervical cancer screening program
项目县(市)Di+Di-Ci排序A0.470.080.1413B0.460.100.1712C0.410.150.279D0.260.390.601E0.430.200.327F0.350.270.433G0.450.070.1414H0.410.170.308I0.460.100.1811J0.440.110.2010K0.240.300.562L0.350.200.364M0.370.180.325N0.360.170.336
3 讨论
妇女健康是我国公共卫生工作的重点,2009年我国将宫颈癌筛查纳入重大公共卫生项目,目的是通过开展宫颈癌筛查项目提高医疗卫生机构的服务能力,提高宫颈癌的早诊早治率,降低其病死率,保护妇女健康。本研究通过运用加权TOPSIS法对2009—2011年新疆维吾尔自治区14个项目县(市)宫颈癌筛查绩效进行综合评价,结果表明,宫颈癌筛查绩效从高到低依次为D县、K县、F县、L县、M市、N市、E市、H市、C市、J市、I县、B市、A县和G市。
对各项目县(市)宫颈癌筛查项目绩效指标的分析得出检出率最高为564.33/10万,最低为0,提示各项目县(市)服务提供人员的检查技术水平参差不齐,应加大对技术人员的培训,同时注意培训内容的拓展和培训效果的考察。覆盖率最低值为7.87%,提示所在项目县适龄妇女的筛查覆盖面不到位,应扩大适龄妇女的筛查覆盖率,扩大受益范围。转诊率最低为0,表明应该转到上级卫生机构确诊检查的可疑患者实际并没有检查,这直接影响项目县(市)宫颈癌的检出率,提示应建立良好的转诊机制,加强初筛机构和确诊机构之间的合作。14个项目县(市)适龄妇女对筛查项目的知晓率最低为2.67%,平均值为38.92%,均没有达到实施方案中知晓率为50.00%的目标,提示乡镇卫生院、村卫生室作为宫颈癌筛查项目的网底应加强宣传动员,开展多种形式的妇女健康教育活动,提高妇女对宫颈癌筛查项目的知晓程度。
14个项目县(市)宫颈癌筛查项目绩效综合评价排序结果表明筛查绩效最好的是D县和K县,说明两县的卫生部门对宫颈癌筛查项目比较重视,注重对基层医疗卫生机构人员能力的培养,将筛查的重点放在筛查质量上而不是单纯放在完成任务量上,且K县卫生局对医疗机构起到很好的协调作用,县妇幼保健院负责承担初筛和细胞学阅片,县计生站承担阴道镜检查,县医院承担组织病理学检查,3个机构相互配合共同完成筛查工作。综合评价结果最差的是A县和G市,A县各部门职责界定不清,各部门重复做相同的工作或相互推诿无机构承担职责,县卫生局未履行督导的职责,对医疗机构缺乏奖惩机制;G市所在市医院缺乏做阴道镜检查和组织病理学检查的技术力量,需要地区医院协助完成,而市卫生局对地区医院的协调作用有限,不能保证市医院检查结果的质量和筛查信息的及时反馈。因此不仅要提高两县(市)宫颈癌筛查服务提供人员的技术水平,专业公共卫生机构也应承担起质量控制的职责,加强对开展宫颈癌筛查的卫生机构的质量控制,同时卫生行政机构也应采取相应的激励和惩罚措施来激发员工参与筛查的积极性,不断提高筛查质量。
TOPSIS法是一种应用比较广泛的多目标决策方法,由于其具有较好的准确性和可操作性,在医学领域也得到了广泛的应用[6]。在医学领域,TOPSIS法大多应用于医院医疗质量、医院工作效率、传染病网络直报工作质量等方面,而将其利用到某一公共卫生项目绩效评价的较少[2,7-8]。本研究运用加权TOPSIS法的主要原因为其具有计算简便、结果准确、重复性好、较为灵敏的特点,充分利用原始数据的信息[9-10],对指标进行加权考虑到各指标对评价结果影响的大小,使评价结果更能反映实际情况。但本研究还有一定的局限性:TOPSIS法存在逆序问题,即当增加或删除一个或多个评价对象后,会引起其他评价对象排序的颠倒,另外,Ci只能反映各评价对象内部的相对接近度,并不能反映与理想的最优方案的接近程度[11]。因此,在以后的研究中可以采用两种综合评价方法联合进行评价,对比排序结果,以求更接近真实情况。
综上所述,本文采用加权TOPSIS法对2009—2011年新疆农村妇女宫颈癌筛查项目县的绩效进行综合评价,14个项目县中D县和K县最优,A县和G县最低,提示绩效排名较低的项目县应调整实施方案和实施策略,因地制宜的抓好妇幼保健工作。加权TOPSIS法具有计算简便、应用灵活的特点,可用于新疆农村妇女宫颈癌筛查绩效评价中,为绩效排名较低的项目县调整实施方案和实施策略提供依据。
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修回日期:2015-01-27)
(本文编辑:崔丽红)
Comprehensive Evaluation of Performance of Cervical Cancer Screening Program for Women in Rural Areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Based on Weighted TOPSIS
GAILi-li,ZHANGWen-hua,ZHAOXin-hui,etal.
DepartmentofPreventiveMedicine,MedicalSchoolofShiheziUniversity,Shihezi832002,China
Objective To comprehensively evaluate the performance of cervical cancer screening program for women in 14 counties and cities of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and to provide a scientific basis to improve the level of screening.Methods Data on cervical cancer screening from 2009 to 2011 in 14 counties and cities of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were collected with the direct-reporting system for national maternal and child major public health service projects and county level questionnaire on cervical cancer screening in Xinjiang.The performance of cervical cancer screening program for women in rural areas of Xinjiang was evaluated comprehensively with TOPSIS method,and optimal vector and worst vector of the collected data were confirmed with data normalization,and meanwhile the optimal scheme(A+) and worst scheme(A-) were confirmed as well.The distance between each evaluation object and A+and A-(Di+and Di-) was calculated,and the degree of closeness(Ci) between each evaluation and A+was obtained and sequenced.Results D county had the highest detection rate,while A county and B city had the lowest;K county had the highest coverage rate,while F county had the lowest;K county had the highest smear pass rate,while A county had the lowest;K county had the highest standard reporting rate,while G county had the lowest;D county and K county had the highest slice coincidence rate,while A county had the lowest;the training rate of all counties were within 0.90% to 0.99%;C city and M city had the highest transfer treatment rate,while the transfer treatment rate of the counties of A,D,F and I and G city was 0;F county had the highest individual case reporting rate,while G city and I county had the lowest;E city had the highest awareness rate,while G city had the lowest.The comprehensive evaluation of the performance of cervical cancer screening from best to worst were:counties of D,K,F,L,cities of M,N,E,H,C,J,I county,B city,A county and G city.Conclusion The weighted TOPSIS is characterized by its simple calculation and flexible application,and it can be used for the performance evaluation of cervical cancer screening project in Xinjiang,which will provide a basis for the adjustment of implementation scheme and strategy by counties with unsatisfactory performance.
Uterine cervical neoplasms;Xinjiang;TOPSIS method;Rural health;Women
教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目(12YJAZH044)
832002 新疆石河子市,石河子大学预防医学系
井明霞,832002 新疆石河子市,石河子大学预防医学系;E-mail:jingmingxia126@126.com
R 711.74
B
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.12.020
2014-10-31;