甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白与消化系肿瘤的关系
2015-02-20何淑英
何淑英 白 岚
甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白与消化系肿瘤的关系
何淑英1白 岚2
甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白(PTH rP)是由多种组织细胞分泌的一种活性分子,具有广泛的生物学功效。研究发现,多种消化道肿瘤组织过表达PTHrP,本文就PTHrP与消化系肿瘤的关系作一综述。
甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白;恶性肿瘤;消化系统
甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白(PTHrP)最先是在恶性肿瘤伴发高钙血症的患者中发现,因其功能和基因结构类似甲状旁腺激素(PTH)而命名为PTHrP[1-2],最初分离的纯化PTHrP来源于肺癌、肾癌以及乳腺癌细胞株[3-5]。对其基因结构研究发现,PTHrP通过转录、翻译、修饰等基因过程,最后生成N端、中间区域或C端的成熟肽,最后通过自分泌、旁分泌、胞分泌方式结合于靶细胞的PTH受体(PTH1R)而起作用[6-7]。最初认为它的靶器官主要为骨骼和肾,现在人们发现PTHrP分布广泛,功能不仅仅局限于调节钙磷的代谢,越来越多的研究证实PTHrP与胚胎发育、乳腺发育、平滑肌舒张、毛发发育及表皮分化等有关[8]。除了正常组织外,PTH rP在许多存在骨转移的肿瘤中表达-人消化系统肿瘤组织如胃癌、大肠癌、肝癌、胰腺癌和胰腺内分泌肿瘤等也同样表达,并且一般说来PTHrP一般与低分化、肿瘤进展以及骨转移有关,但不同肿瘤组织研究结果不尽相同。提示PTHrP可能有组织特异性[9]。本文将就PTHrP与消化道肿瘤做一简要概述。
一、PTHrP与胃癌
胃癌患者伴发高钙血症(HHM)的报导逐渐增多,通过免疫组织化学和免疫放射分析技术,发现这些患者的癌组织表达PTHrP和PTH1R,而且外周血中PTHrP的表达水平也升高[10-11],同时日本学者从低分化胃腺癌组织中分离建立的细胞系IGSK-3,运用免疫细胞化学法也证明该细胞系能分泌PTHrP[12],以上证据表明PTHrP在胃癌组织中普遍表达。因PTHrP与HHM有关,最初报导PTHrP在胃癌患者中能促进异位骨化[13],进而有研究表明低分化胃癌PTHrP阳性率能达到100%,中分化为95.5%,低分化只有45%,同时发现癌组织侵润较深的部位较黏膜癌PTH rP表达更为明显,从而认为胃癌PTHrP过表达与肿瘤组织进展及恶性转化有关,体外实验证明分化好的胃癌细胞株并不会表达PTHrP,然而低分化的胃癌细胞株高表达PTHrP[14]。Cuiping Liu等研究进一步把PTHrP在人胃黏膜组织的表达定位于肠嗜铬样细胞(ECL cells)[15]。但目前除了有关内切蛋白酶-弗林蛋白酶(Furin)和PTH rP能形成正反馈从而促进胃癌细胞株增殖的报导外[16],关于PTHrP与胃癌关系的其他机制的报导还没有发现。我国关于胃癌与PTHrP之间关系的研究还未见大样本的临床资料,所以在我国需要进一步的临床资料以证明PTHrP与胃癌的相关性,同时PTHrP与胃癌患者的分期及转移之间的关系及机制也需要进一步明确。
二、PTHrP与大肠癌
已经有文献报道在大肠腺瘤和癌周正常的黏膜上皮中没有检测到PTHrP,而在大肠腺癌PTHrP阳性率达到94.4%,与分化良好的腺癌比较低分化腺癌PTHrP表达更为明显,同时发现PTHrP与大肠癌浸润深度、脉管侵犯、淋巴结转移、肝转移和Duke′s分期明显相关,这些证据支持PTHrP与大肠癌的发生、分化、进展和预后相关[9,17]。JA Carron1等证明PTHrP和PTH1R共表达于结肠癌组织[18]。X iaoli Shen等体外实验证明过表达PTHrP能促进结肠癌株Lovo增殖,增加细胞对细胞外基质的粘连和提高整合蛋白的表达[19]。随后体内实验进一步研究证明过表达PTHrP能抑制细胞凋亡、促进细胞侵袭和迁徙,而且通过体内、体外实验发现AKT的激活和糖原合成酶3的活性降低与之有关[20-21],在此基础上Ramanjaneya V.Mula等进一步证明PTHrP激活AKT的具体机制是通过激活Rac1,进而导致整合蛋白6 4的增加,而Rac1的激活是Rac-specific鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子Tiam1活化的结果[22]。以上实验结果同时在裸鼠的异体移植瘤生长实验中得到了验证[21]。M aría Julia Martín等进一步拓展了PTHrP促进结肠癌细胞增殖的通路,包括ERK1/2,αp38 MAPK,and PI3K通路[22]。针对PTHrP在结肠癌发挥作用的机制,Bhatia等证明PTH rP通过核定位信号(NLS)发挥胞分泌作用,并产生一系列生物学功能[23]。有趣的是在另外一株结肠癌细胞(HT-29)上发现PTHrP在转录水平上能导致整合蛋白亚基5和1的过表达,而且能通过沉默PTHrP所逆转,但是起直接或间接作用的蛋白和整合蛋白的启动序列仍有待确定[24]。因此针对PTHrP的表达和胞分泌信号通路可能是一个控制结肠癌细胞生长、侵袭和迁徙的有效工具。
三、PTHrP与肝癌
早期Roskams T等通过运用免疫组织化学的方法研究24例原发性肝癌和22例腺癌肝转移,发现在胆管细胞型肝癌中PTHrP阳性率为100%,而肝细胞型肝癌和转移型肝癌中PTHrP表达为阴性,在混合型肝癌中PTHrP只在胆管细胞星区域表达阳性,从而认为PTHrP是诊断肝癌类型和肝转移的一个有用指标[25]。但是临床观察肝细胞癌伴HHM大约占患者总数的4.5%,肝内胆管癌伴发HHM更少,同时通过文献查阅,只有2例文献报道混合型肝细胞癌和胆管细胞癌伴发HHM[26],而原发于肝脏的鳞癌伴发HHM并能分泌PTHrP的报导也有少数[27]。以上临床资料说明PTH rP和肝癌在某种程度上可能存在着某种关系,关于其中的具体机制,LinW ang等通过理论上分析认为活化PTH rP能耦合G蛋白受体从而增加肝癌细胞的粘连性,进而促进肝癌细胞侵袭和迁徙[28]。另外,TGF-β在肝细胞中能刺激PTHrP的分泌,并且进一步验证了PTH rP是TGF-β抑制肝细胞增殖的下游调控点[29]。此外,Yanna Cao等体内实验证明在肝癌细胞株Hep3B和HuH-7上PTHrP是TGF-β促凋亡的一个有效调控点[30]。上述实验证实PTHrP能促进肝癌的发展,但是也有研究得出相反的结果,LiH等研究认为高度分化的肝癌株HepG2能分泌PTHrP和PTH1R,而且PTHrP能作为自分泌或旁分泌生长因子抑制HepG2的生长[29]。综上所述,目前对肝癌的研究较少,PTHrP与肝癌的分化、转移、诊断等是否有关,需要更大临床样本证实,其中所牵涉到的机制需要更多的证据。
四、PTH rP与胰腺癌
胰岛四种分泌细胞(细胞、细胞、δ细胞和胰多肽细胞)都能分泌PTHrP[31],细胞能通过激活磷脂酶C和细胞内钙的明显升高从而对PTH rP产生反应[32],而且细胞过表达PTHrP能促进增殖、增加胰岛素的分泌、抑制细胞的凋亡从而导致胰岛细胞的数量增加、高胰岛素血症和低糖血症[32-33]。在体外实验中PTHrP能激活PTH1R的下游通路(具体涉及到PKC-ζ,cyclin E,and cdk2),从而促进人细胞增殖和提高葡萄糖刺激所导致的胰岛素分泌[34]。最近在体内实验中每天注射PTHrP(1-36)能促进老鼠细胞和增加葡萄糖耐量[35]。以上实验证明PTHrP在维持胰岛细胞数量和治疗糖尿病可能是有益的。
在胰腺癌中,内分泌型胰腺癌伴发HHM比外分泌型胰腺癌更常见,明确由PTHrP引起的HHM更加少见[36],但是Bouvet等通过体内实验证实PTHrP在胰腺腺癌中普遍表达并且能促进胰腺癌细胞株AsPC-1增殖,体外证实PTHrP在细胞质和细胞核中均有表达[37],随后M ichael Bouvet等在体外实验中运用裸鼠的异体移植瘤方法发现对照组和实验组血清和组织中的PTHrP表达存在明显差异,从而认为PTHrP可能能在胰腺癌动物模型中做为一个有效的肿瘤标志物,但同时也指出,在证实PTHrP在患者中是一个有效提示胰腺癌的指标需结合肿瘤分期、预后、肿瘤类型等[38]。除此之外也有文献提示HHM和PTHrP结合起来可以作为胰腺癌转移的早期标志物[39]。John J等证实了21整合蛋白在快速生长胰腺癌细胞株COLO 357中通过GSK3和PKB/AKT通路负反馈调节PTHrP并促进细胞迁移[40-42]。虽然PTHrP促胰腺癌发展的机制已有一定的了解,但是因为胰腺癌发病率低,迄今为止没有大样本病例资料来来明确胰腺癌与PTH rP之间的关系,从而限制了PTHrP在胰腺癌中的应用。
在胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤领域,越来越多的报导证实神经内分泌肿瘤能分泌PTHrP,并提示神经内分泌肿瘤伴发的HHM与之相关[43-44],但是仍需要更多的证据支持。在蛙皮素或酒精导致的急慢性胰腺炎中,PTHrP的表达水平均明显升高,而且在急慢性胰腺炎疾病进展中有研究提示PTH rP参与炎症及胰腺纤维化的过程[45-46],但具体机制尚不明确。
五、展望
PTHrP从最初单一的认为是引起恶性肿瘤患者HHM的主要原因,到现在认为的多功能细胞因子,其生物效应极为复杂,迄今为止其在恶性肿瘤骨转移的溶骨性改变、胚胎发育以及心血管发育和血压调节方面的作用机制研究比较明确。虽然诸多证据提示PTHrP与消化系肿瘤的分化、进展、预后等相关,但PTHrP在不同消化系肿瘤中的作用还没有完全的定论。相信随着对PTHrP不同水平调控机制认识的深入,它在消化系肿瘤中多种重要的生物学功能将进一步明确,从而为临床消化系肿瘤疾病发病机理的认识、诊断以及治疗方面提供新的途径。
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2014-12-24)
(本文编辑:何美蓉)
10.3969/j.issn.1672-2159.2015.01.032
510515南方医科大学南方医院1消化内科;2惠侨科
白岚,E-mail:bailan1963@126.com
国家自然科学基金(81170354)