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短QT间期综合征的诊治进展

2015-01-20洪莉等

心脑血管病防治 2014年6期
关键词:风险评估

洪莉等

[关键词]短QT综合征;诊断标准;风险评估

中图分类号:R541.7文献标识码:A文章编号:1009_816X(2014)06_0500_03

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009_816x.2014.06.20短QT综合征(short QT syndrome,SQTs)是一种心肌离子通道病,伴/不伴有心房颤动、室性心动过速、心室颤动、晕厥、心源性猝死(Sudden Cardiac Death SCD)。1990年Kontny等[1]首先报道一例反复心室颤动伴晕厥患者,心室颤动停止后心电图QT间期明显缩短。1993年Algra等[2]对动态心电图回顾性分析时发现,QT间期缩短增加猝死风险。2000年Gussak等[3]报道1例无器质性心脏病青年男性,发生心源性猝死,有特征性体表心电图QT间期缩短,胸导联V2、V3有时可见T波电交替,短QT综合征逐渐为人们认识。2003年Gaita等[4]将其定义为常染色体遗传疾病,正式命名为SQTs。迄今为止报道病例约为100例左右。一项回顾性研究(61例)显示:75%患者为男性,其平均发病年龄为21岁,33%患者发生心源性猝死,18%患者存在心房颤动[5]。女性患病率相对较低的原因可能在于:雌激素对Q_T间期的延长作用[6]。但女性患者并非低危人群,因为SQTs的女性患者发生心源性猝死的风险等同于男性[7]。本文对SQTs诊治进展作一综述。

1基因分型从分子遗传学的角度研究,目前已有5种与SQTs致病相关的基因被发现:KCNH2,KCNQ1,KCNJ2,CACNA1C和CACNB2b。SQTs根据以上5种基因突变分为5型。但大多数患者并不能进行基因分类。KCNH2是第一个发现的致病基因,最常见的是N588K突变导致Ikr(慢速激活延迟整流钾电流)通道电流增加从而导致动作电位复极化第2和3期缩短。随后编码钾离子通道相关的KCNQ1和KCNJ2被发现。CACNA1C和CACNB2b分别编码L型钙通道的al和8亚单位,功能分析显示突变通道功能丧失,尤其是CACNAIC的A39V突变是由于突变通道功能转运缺失而导致内向钙离子流降低,且突发的基因还引起胸前导联心电图ST段上抬(短QT间期并Brugada综合征)。

2临床表现

2.1心电图特征:SQTs的心电图除了QT间期缩短外,还有T波高尖、T波峰—末间期(Tp_e)延长。一般认为Tp_e间期延长是因为心肌复极化的离散度增大所致,因而也是SQTs患者常伴室性心动过速或心室颤动和心房颤动等心律失常的机制之一。SQTs的心电图表现可分为4类:①ST段与T波均缩短,同时有T波高尖,易发房性和室性心律失常;②以ST段缩短为主,T波缩短不明显,以室性心律失常为主要表现;③ST段改变不明显,T波高尖和缩短为主,T波下降支明显陡直,以室性心律失常为主要表现;④ST段抬高,V1_3导联出现I型Brugada波,T波高尖,以室性心律失常为主要表现。

2.2临床表现:由其并发心律失常的类型及伴随的其他系统的症状决定。轻者可无症状,或有轻度心悸、头晕,重症患者可出现晕厥、猝死。心房颤动可能是SQTs首发表现,对于年轻的孤立性心房颤动,应提高警惕。

[14]对53例SQTs患者中14例SQT1予以口服奎尼丁治疗后,随访6~8年后发现未治疗组每年心律失常发病率为4.9%,药物组未有发作,且其药物耐受性可,仅有9%患者因药物副作用中断治疗。对于不能接受ICD治疗者(如儿童),奎尼丁优先选择。此外,除了SQT1外D_索他洛尔对其它型SQTs都有效。另外,射频消融对于SQTs引起的室性心动过速/心室颤动有一定疗效[15],但报道例数较少,还需进一观察。对于无症状患者的管理最为关键,如何识别其中高危患者,降低心源性猝死发生率亟待解决。

参考文献

[1]Kontny F, Dale J. Self_terminating idiopathic ventricular fibrillation presenting as syncope: a 40_year follow_up report[J]. J Intern Med,1990,227(3):211-213.

[2]Algra A, Tijssen JG, Roelandr JR, et al. QT interval variables from 24 hour electrocardiography and the two year risk of sudden death[J]. Br Heart J,1993,70(1):43-48.

[3]Gussak I, Brugada P, Brugada J, et al. Idiopathic short QT interval: a new clinical syndrome[J]? Cardiology,2000,94(2):99-102.

[4]Gaita F,Giustetto C,Bianchi F, et al. Short QT syndrome:A familial cause of sudden death[J].Circulatian,2003,108 (8):965-970.

[5]Giustetto C, Schimpf R, Mazzanti A, et al. Long_term follow_up of patients with short QT syndrome[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2011,58(6):587-595.

[6]Kurokawa J, Tamagawa M, Harada N, et al. Acute effects of estrogen on the guinea pig and human Ikr channels and drug_induced prolongation of cardiac repolarization[J]. J Physiol,2008,586(12):2961-2973.endprint

[7]Mazzanti A, Kanthan A, Monteforte N, et al. Novel Insight Into the Natural History of Short QT Syndrome[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2014,63(13):1300-1308.

[8]Priori SG, Pandit SV, Rivolta I, et al. A novel form of short QT syndmme (SQT3)is caused by amutafion in the KCNJ2 gene[J]. Circ Res,2005,96(7):800-807.

[9]Antzelevitch C, Pollevick GD, Cordeiro JM, et al. Loss_of_function mutations in the cardiac calcium channel underlie a new clinical entity characterized by ST_segment elevation,short QT intervals,and sudden cardiac death[J]. Circutation,2007,115(4):442-449.

[10]Brugada R, Hong K, Dumaine R, et al. Sudden death associated with short QT syndmme linked to mutations in HERG[J].Circulation,2004,109(1):30-35.

[11]Tülümen E, Giustetto C, Wolpert C, et al. PQ segment depression in patients with short QT syndrome: A novel marker for diagnosing short QT syndrome[J]? Heart Rhythm,2014,11(6):1024-1030.

[12]Gollob MH, Redpath CJ, Roberts JD. The short QT syndrome: proposed diagnostic criteria[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2011,57(7):802-812.

[13]Villafane J, Atallah J, Gollob MH, et al. Long_term follow_up of a pediatric cohort with short QT syndrome[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2013,61(11):1183-1191.

[14]Giustetto C, Schimpf R, Mazzanti A, et al. Long_Term Follow_Up of Patients With Short QT Syndrome[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2011,58(6):587-595.

[15]郭成军,张英川,方东平,等.短QT综合征多频率室性心动过速和心室颤动的机制与消融治疗[J].中国心脏起博与心电生理杂志,2005,19(1):23-28.

(收稿日期:2014_8_18)endprint

[7]Mazzanti A, Kanthan A, Monteforte N, et al. Novel Insight Into the Natural History of Short QT Syndrome[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2014,63(13):1300-1308.

[8]Priori SG, Pandit SV, Rivolta I, et al. A novel form of short QT syndmme (SQT3)is caused by amutafion in the KCNJ2 gene[J]. Circ Res,2005,96(7):800-807.

[9]Antzelevitch C, Pollevick GD, Cordeiro JM, et al. Loss_of_function mutations in the cardiac calcium channel underlie a new clinical entity characterized by ST_segment elevation,short QT intervals,and sudden cardiac death[J]. Circutation,2007,115(4):442-449.

[10]Brugada R, Hong K, Dumaine R, et al. Sudden death associated with short QT syndmme linked to mutations in HERG[J].Circulation,2004,109(1):30-35.

[11]Tülümen E, Giustetto C, Wolpert C, et al. PQ segment depression in patients with short QT syndrome: A novel marker for diagnosing short QT syndrome[J]? Heart Rhythm,2014,11(6):1024-1030.

[12]Gollob MH, Redpath CJ, Roberts JD. The short QT syndrome: proposed diagnostic criteria[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2011,57(7):802-812.

[13]Villafane J, Atallah J, Gollob MH, et al. Long_term follow_up of a pediatric cohort with short QT syndrome[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2013,61(11):1183-1191.

[14]Giustetto C, Schimpf R, Mazzanti A, et al. Long_Term Follow_Up of Patients With Short QT Syndrome[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2011,58(6):587-595.

[15]郭成军,张英川,方东平,等.短QT综合征多频率室性心动过速和心室颤动的机制与消融治疗[J].中国心脏起博与心电生理杂志,2005,19(1):23-28.

(收稿日期:2014_8_18)endprint

[7]Mazzanti A, Kanthan A, Monteforte N, et al. Novel Insight Into the Natural History of Short QT Syndrome[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2014,63(13):1300-1308.

[8]Priori SG, Pandit SV, Rivolta I, et al. A novel form of short QT syndmme (SQT3)is caused by amutafion in the KCNJ2 gene[J]. Circ Res,2005,96(7):800-807.

[9]Antzelevitch C, Pollevick GD, Cordeiro JM, et al. Loss_of_function mutations in the cardiac calcium channel underlie a new clinical entity characterized by ST_segment elevation,short QT intervals,and sudden cardiac death[J]. Circutation,2007,115(4):442-449.

[10]Brugada R, Hong K, Dumaine R, et al. Sudden death associated with short QT syndmme linked to mutations in HERG[J].Circulation,2004,109(1):30-35.

[11]Tülümen E, Giustetto C, Wolpert C, et al. PQ segment depression in patients with short QT syndrome: A novel marker for diagnosing short QT syndrome[J]? Heart Rhythm,2014,11(6):1024-1030.

[12]Gollob MH, Redpath CJ, Roberts JD. The short QT syndrome: proposed diagnostic criteria[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2011,57(7):802-812.

[13]Villafane J, Atallah J, Gollob MH, et al. Long_term follow_up of a pediatric cohort with short QT syndrome[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2013,61(11):1183-1191.

[14]Giustetto C, Schimpf R, Mazzanti A, et al. Long_Term Follow_Up of Patients With Short QT Syndrome[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2011,58(6):587-595.

[15]郭成军,张英川,方东平,等.短QT综合征多频率室性心动过速和心室颤动的机制与消融治疗[J].中国心脏起博与心电生理杂志,2005,19(1):23-28.

(收稿日期:2014_8_18)endprint

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