西藏改则地区昂拉仁错中—下二叠统昂杰组—下拉组地层古生物
2015-01-07周羽漩赵兵严亮李杨
周羽漩+赵兵+严亮+李杨
摘要:详细描述了西藏自治区改则县拉清乡汤模长二叠系剖面,自下而上划分为拉嘎组、昂杰组和下拉组。讨论了二叠系昂杰组和下拉组的岩性组合特征和沉积环境,其中昂杰组横向延伸不稳定向西相变尖灭。依据化石分布及组合特征,建立了NeoschwagerinaChusenella conicocylindrica蜓组合带、Pachyphloia ovataEotuberitina reitlingerae非蜓有孔虫组合带、Lytvolasma asymetricumBradyphyllum caninoidia珊瑚组合带和Akagophyllum coqenenseAmplexocarinia muralis珊瑚组合带。昂杰组为早二叠世,下拉组下部为中二叠世栖霞期,而下拉组上部为中二叠世茅口期,并以暖水型气候环境为主。在昂杰组—下拉组中发现了珊瑚的2个新种和1个新亚种,并进行了描述。新种名称分别为Lophotabularia longiseptata sp. nov.和Iranophyllum longiseptatum sp. nov.,新亚种名称为Cyathocarinia tuberculata multiseptata sub sp. nov.。
关键词:古生物学;二叠系;昂杰组;下拉组;岩石地层;生物地层;西藏
中图分类号:P534.46;Q911.6文献标志码:A
0引言
西藏自治区改则县昂拉仁错一带地处滇藏地层大区的冈底斯—腾冲地层区,大地构造位置位于冈底斯板片中的革吉—措勤复合弧后盆地[12]。其中,位于改则县西南侧的拉清乡汤模长剖面,其二叠世地层昂杰组、下拉组出露良好,生物化石丰富。该剖面在古生物化石面貌上表现为冈瓦纳—特提斯型古生物群混合。笔者结合1∶250 000赛利普幅区域地质调查,根据前人资料和最新研究成果[35],在详细剖面测制基础上,对剖面的古生物及地层进行分析和整理,将该剖面做了多重地层划分,并讨论了其沉积环境。
1剖面列述
在西藏自治区改则县拉清乡汤模长和革吉县麻米乡拉弄嘎玻测制了二叠系剖面(图1)。拉清乡汤模长剖面位于改则县拉清乡汤模长,剖面起点(83°57′00″E,31°59′00″N)海拔高度4 800 m(图1)。剖面露头良好,古生物化石丰富(图2),剖面分层列述如下。
1.灰色中—厚层中砂质粗粒长石石英砂岩,碎屑分选较差、滚圆度好,发育低角度斜层理及平行层理25.65 m
整合
上石炭统—下二叠统拉嘎组(C2l—P1l)
灰、黄灰色中—厚层细粒长石石英砂岩夹灰绿色中厚层含砾中—细粒不等粒石英砂岩及灰绿色中薄层泥质粉砂岩。顶部为4 m厚的灰绿色厚层含砾砂岩。含砾砂岩分选差,泥质粉砂岩中见水平层理构造。
2岩石地层特征
根据岩性组合及古生物特征,将实测剖面划分为昂杰组和下拉组(图3~5)[67]。昂杰组创名于申扎县永珠昂杰,指整合于拉嘎组含砾砂岩和下拉组灰岩之间的一套以细碎屑岩、灰岩为特征的地质体[1]。拉清乡汤模长剖面1~5层划分为昂杰组,岩性主要为灰—黄灰色中—厚层含砾砂岩、中砂质粗粒长石石英砂岩、粗砂质含钙中粒石英砂岩、泥质粉砂岩夹灰—黄灰色中—厚层生物碎屑灰岩和含泥质生物碎屑灰岩,为海滩混积浅海内陆棚沉积[8]。研究区内昂杰组横向延伸不稳定,向西至革吉县麻米乡拉弄嘎玻剖面相变尖灭(图1)。
下拉组创名于西藏自治区申扎县永珠下拉山,指一套局部夹少量碎屑岩的碳酸盐岩地层体[1]。研究区内下拉组未见顶,出露厚度大于71230 m,与下伏昂杰组或拉嘎组呈整合接触,岩性主要为深灰色厚块状生物碎屑灰岩、含生物碎屑微晶灰岩、白云石化生物碎屑灰岩、白云石化砂屑生物碎屑灰岩夹浅灰色中—厚层生物介壳灰岩、深灰色厚层砾屑砂屑灰岩及黄灰色中—厚层钙质细砂岩。该地层总体为一套较稳定的开阔台地相沉积(图5)。
3生物地层特征
研究区内昂杰组—下拉组古生物化石丰富。依据化石分布及组合特征,建立1个蜓组合带、1个非蜓有孔虫组合带和2个珊瑚组合带。
3.2珊瑚组合带
3.2.1Lytvolasma asymetricumBradyphyllum caninoidia珊瑚组合带
Lytvolasma asymetricumBradyphyllum caninoidia珊瑚组合带位于研究区下拉组下部,以西藏自治区改则县拉清乡汤模长下拉组剖面6~11层为代表(图3)。其生物组合主要有珊瑚Amplexocarinia sp.、Bradyphyllum caninoidia Huang、Lephotabalaria longiseptata sp. nov.、Lytvolasma asymetricum Soshkina、Verbeekiella cf. permica Peneka,蜓Minojapanella cf. elongata Füjimota et Kanuma、Brevaxina sp.,腕足Cleiothyridina subexpensa(Waagen)、Hemileurus orbicularis Jing et Sun、Bellaria rostrata Jing et Sun,非蜓有孔虫Geinitzina sp.、Monotaxinoides transitorus Brazhnikora et Yartseva等和苔藓Fistulipora basleoensis Bassler、Fistulipora sp.、Polypora sp.、Meekopora magma Vance et. Hsia、Girtypora simplex sp. nov.、Stenopora sp.、Fenestella sp.等。该组合带中,四射珊瑚以小型单体“冷水型”分子为主(如Lytvolasma asymetricum、Verbeekiella cf. permica、Amplexocarinia sp.、Bradyphyllum caninoidia、Lophytabularia longiseptata sp. nov.等[10]),可以与申扎、改则地区日阿组的LytvolasmaWamnero phyllumLophophyllidum动物群或阿里地区的LytlvolasmaTachylasma组合带对比[11],时代相当于栖霞期。蜓化石Brevaxina sp.为黔南栖霞阶Misellina延限带重要分子,Minojapanella cf. elongata在贵州等地为Misellina延限带分子,应划归于中二叠统栖霞阶,并且为暖水型动物。该地区生物为冷暖混合型动物群[1217]。
3.2.2Akagophyllum coqenenseAmplexocarinia muralis珊瑚组合带
Akagophyllum coqenenseAmplexocarinia muralis珊瑚组合带位于观测区下拉组中上部,以西藏自治区改则县拉清乡汤模长剖面12~19层为代表(图4)。其主要生物组分有珊瑚Amplexocarinia muralis Soshina、Akagophyllum coqenense He、Duplophyllum sp.、Dichophyllia sp.、Huangophyllum sp.、Hexaphyllia sp.、Lophophyllidum sp.、Pseudocarinio phyllum sp.、Thomasiphyllum sp.,蜓Verbeekina sp.、Rugososchwagerina cf. xizangica Wang Sheng et Zhang,腕足Cancrinella carcriniformis(Tscherny schew)、Cleiothyridina sp.、Hemileurus sp.、Hemiptychina triplicata(Waagen),非蜓有孔虫Agathamina ovata Wang、Glomospira teneutistula Ho.、Nodosaria longissima Suleimanor等,苔藓Fistulipora timorensis Bassler, F. megastoma Saleagami,Polypora sinovaricellata Yang et Lu、Meekopora rutogensis Yang、Stenopora permiana Yang等。该生物组合带中,蜓Rugososchwagerina cf. xizangica曾见于西藏自治区林周县洛巴堆组,产于黔南茅口期Neoschwagerina延限带[1112]。珊瑚Thomasiphyllum sp.、Akagophyllum coqenense均为茅口期“温水型”珊瑚[1011]。该组合带与西藏自治区革吉县麻米乡捌千错下拉组中上部Neoschwagerina、Iranophyllum等组合的时代相当,应为茅口期。
3.3蜓组合带
NeoschwagerinaChusenella conicocylindrica蜓组合带以西藏自治区革吉县麻米乡捌千错下拉组剖面为代表(图5),主要分布于下拉组中上部。其主要生物组分有蜓Neoschwagerina sp.、N.douvillei、N.haydeni、Schwagerina sp.、Parafusulina sp.、Yangchienia sp.、Y.tumida、Y.iniqua、Chusenella conicocylindrica、Cancellina sp.,非蜓有孔虫Hemigordiopsis subglobosa、Nodosaria parva、Tetrataxis parviconica,珊瑚Iranophyllum longiseptatum sp. nov.、Thomasiphyllum cf. arachnoides、Zaphrentites sp.、Cyathocarinia tuberculata multiseptata sub sp. nov.和苔藓虫Rombopora sp.、Meekopora sp.、Fistulipora fibriata、F. timorensis等。该生物组合带中,以蜓、非蜓有孔虫为主,伴生有温水型四射珊瑚,蜓类化石以Neoschwagerina延限带分子最为丰富,Yangchienia haydeni见于阿富汗和中国南方、青海等地茅口期地层。珊瑚化石为Iranophyllum动物群,Iranophyllum longise ptatum、Thomasiphyllum cf. arachnoides都曾见于申扎等地茅口期。Iranophyllum动物群为特提斯海动物群代表分子,广泛分布于西藏、青海、甘肃、四川、广西、滇东等地茅口组或相当于茅口组地层内,在意大利西西里岛、土耳其、伊拉克、阿富汗、巴基斯坦等地的同期地层中亦有发现[10,12,15,18],因此,该组合带的时代应为中二叠世茅口期,与Akagophyllum coqenenseAmplexocarinia muralis珊瑚组合带的层位大体相当,且以暖水型气候环境为主。
4下拉组化石新(亚)种描述
4.1长隔壁横板顶柱珊瑚
皱纹珊瑚目Rugosa Edwavds et Haime, 1850
帝汶珊瑚科Timorphyllidae Soshkina, 1941
横板顶柱珊瑚属Lophotabularia shi, 1981
长隔壁横板顶柱珊瑚(新种)Lophotabularia longiseptata sp. nov.
描述小型单体珊瑚[图6(a)为横切面;图6(b)为纵切面]横切面近圆形,直径6.5~8.0 mm,具边缘厚结带,宽约1 mm;隔壁两级,长短相见,总数38个,一级隔壁外端加厚,向内伸达中心,与中轴相连,二级隔壁较薄且长,长度略短于一级隔壁。隔壁两侧脊板十分发育,中轴厚纺锤状,直径1.2×2.1 mm,内具明显中线,横板十分细薄,无鳞板。
4.2长隔壁伊朗珊瑚
皱纹珊瑚目Rugosa Edwards et Haime, 1850
卫根珊瑚科Waagenophyllidae Wang, 1950
卫根珊瑚亚科Waagenophyllinae Wang, 1950
伊朗珊瑚属Iranophyllum Douglas, 1936;Emend Minato et Kato 1965
长隔壁伊朗珊瑚(新种)Iranophyllum longiseptatum sp. nov.
描述单体珊瑚[图6(c)为横切面]在直径14×20 mm的横切面中的一级隔壁和二级隔壁数目为44个。它们在横板带内微加厚,两端细薄,向内均伸达轴部,且长度几乎相等。三级隔壁亦长,达一级(或二级)隔壁的4/5,内端每相向依附在二级隔壁两侧,细薄。四级隔壁局部发育。鳞板同心圆状排列,未见侧鳞板,复中柱直径3 mm,辐板多,28~30条,辐射状排列,其与隔壁内端通常无明显界限;中板短薄且不明显;斜板同心圆状排列。
讨论与比较新种主要特征为一级隔壁和二级隔壁长度近等,均长达复中柱,且复中柱小。它和Iranophyllam Columellum Wu et Zhao在个体大小、隔壁数目以及复中柱大小等方面均可比较,但新种的二级隔壁特长,辐板多,可与其他种相区别。
产地及层位西藏自治区革吉县麻米乡拉弄嘎玻中二叠统下拉组。
标本编号P193f11
标本保存于成都理工大学沉积地质研究院。
4.3多结脊板杯珊瑚多隔壁亚种
皱纹珊瑚目Rugosa Edwards et Haime, 1850
杯轴珊瑚科Cyathaxoniidae Edwards et Haime, 1850
脊板杯轴珊瑚属Cyathocarinia Soshkina, 1928
多结脊板杯珊瑚Cyathocarinia tuberculata Soshkina, 1928
多结脊板杯珊瑚多隔壁亚种(新亚种)Cyathocarinia tuberculata multiseptata sub sp. nov.
描述小型单体珊瑚[图6(d)为横切面]外表具皱,边缘因隔壁基端加厚形成厚结带,宽0.6 mm,在直径4 mm的横切面内有隔壁两级,长短相间,数目29个,外端厚,向内变细。一级隔壁伸达轴部,并与中轴相连;二级隔壁长度略短于一级隔壁,长为后者的4/5。内端依附于一级隔壁之侧,中轴厚透镜状,直径0.9×1.2 mm,具脊板,无鳞板。主内沟不明显。
讨论与比较新亚种与产于前苏联阿丁斯克阶的Cyathocarinia tuberculata横式标本的特征基本一致,只是前者的隔壁较多(数量比为29∶20)。
产地及层位西藏自治区革吉县麻米乡拉弄嘎玻中二叠统下拉组。
标本编号P1915f11(正横)
标本保存于成都理工大学沉积地质研究院。
5结语
(1)西藏自治区改则县昂拉仁错一带在岩石地层上可分为拉嘎组、昂杰组和下拉组。其中,昂杰组表现为海滩混积浅海内陆棚沉积且横向延伸不稳定,下拉组则为一套较稳定的开阔台地相沉积。
(2)生物地层可划分为昂杰组的Pachyphloia ovataEotuberitina reitlingerae非蜓有孔虫组合带、下拉组的Lytvolasma asymetricumBradyphyllum caninoidia和Akagophyllum coqenenseAmplexocarinia muralis珊瑚组合带以及NeoschwagerinaChusenella conicocylindrica蜓组合带。
(3)该区下拉组新发现皱纹珊瑚目的长隔壁横板顶柱珊瑚(新种)、长隔壁伊朗珊瑚(新种)以及多结脊板杯珊瑚多隔壁亚种(新亚种)。
参考文献:
[1]夏代祥,刘世坤.西藏自治区岩石地层[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1997.
XIA Daixiang,LIU Shikun.Stratigraphy of Tibet Autonomous Region[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1997.
[2]刘登忠,陶晓风,马润则,等.措勤县幅地质调查新成果及主要进展[J].地质通报,2004,23(5/6):506511.
LIU Dengzhong,TAO Xiaofeng,MA Runze,et al.New Results and Major Progress in Regional Geological Survey of the Coqen County Sheet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2004,23(5/6):506511.
[3]赵兵,刘登忠,陶晓风,等.西藏仲巴县昂拉仁错—塔若错一带拉嘎组的地层特征及沉积环境[J].地质通报,2006,25(7):800805.
ZHAO Bing,LIU Dengzhong,TAO Xiaofeng,et al.Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Environment of the Laka Formation in the Ngangla RingcoTaro Co Area,Zhongba County,Tibet,China[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2006,25(7):800805.
[4]张予杰,张以春,庞维华,等.西藏申扎地区拉嘎组岩相/沉积相分析[J].沉积学报,2013,31(2):269281.
ZHANG Yujie,ZHANG Yichun,PANG Weihua,et al.The Litho/Sedimentary Facies Analysis of Lagar Formation,Xainza Area,Tibet[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2013,31(2):269281.
[5]吕少俊.西藏羌多地区早—中二叠世生物地层特征[J].资源调查与环境,2013,34(4):221227.
LU Shaojun.EarlyMiddle Permian Biostratigraphical Characteristics in Qiangduo Area,Tibet[J].Resources Survey and Environment,2013,34(4):221227.
[6]石和.西藏申扎地区石炭—二叠纪岩石地层划分之我见[J].成都理工学院学报,2001,28(3):246250.
SHI He.Remarks on the CarboniferousPermian Lithostratigraphic Division in the Shenzha Area,Tibet,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2001,28(3):246250.
[7]金玉轩.中国地层典:二叠系[M].北京:地质出版社,2000.
JIN Yuxuan.Stratigraphical Lexicon of China:Permian System[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2000.
[8]王绍兰,王冠民,陈清华.西藏措勤盆地下二叠统昂杰组沉积相分析[J].岩相古地理,1999,19(6):4448.
WANG Shaolan,WANG Guanmin,CHEN Qinghua.Sedimentary Facies of the Lower Permian Ngangze Formation in the Coqen Basin,Xizang[J].Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography,1999,19(6):4448.
[9]郝诒纯,裘松余,林甲兴,等.有孔虫[M].北京:科学出版社,1980.
HAO Yichun,QIU Songyu,LIN Jiaxing,et al.Foraminifer[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980.
[10]俞建章,林英铴,时言,等.石炭纪二叠纪珊瑚[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1983.
YU Jianzhang,LIN Yingtang,SHI Yan,et al.The CarboniferousPermian Coral[M].Changchun:Jilin Peoples Publishing House,1983.
[11]何心一.阿里二叠纪珊瑚[M]∥杨遵仪,聂泽同.西藏阿里古生物.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1990:7679.
HE Xinyi.The Permian Coral of Ali[M]∥YANG Zunyi,NIE Zetong.The Paleontology of Ali in Tibet.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1990:7679.
[12]聂泽同,宋志敏.试论西藏二叠纪蜓类及非蜓有孔虫的生物地理区系与古地理及古构造的关系[J].地球科学,1990,15(3):275282.
NIE Zetong,SONG Zhimin.On Permian Biogeography of Fusulinids and Nonfusulinids in Tibet and Its Relation with Paleotectonics[J].Earth Science,1990,15(3):275282.
[13]黄浩,金小赤,史宇坤,等.西藏申扎地区中二叠世蜓类动物群[J].古生物学报,2007,46(1):6274.
HUANG Hao,JIN Xiaochi,SHI Yukun,et al.Middle Permian Fusulinids from the Xainza Area of the Lhasa Block,Tibet[J].Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,2007,46(1):6274.
[14]姚建新,纪占胜,武桂春,等.西藏申扎地区德日昂玛—下拉剖面:冈瓦纳和特提斯晚石炭世—早二叠世地层和古生物对比的桥梁[J].地质通报,2007,26(1):3141.
YAO Jianxin,JI Zhansheng,WU Guichun,et al.DeriangmaXiala Section in the Xainza Area,Tibet,China:A Bridge for the Stratigraphic and Paleontological Correlation Between Gondwana and Tethys During the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(1):3141.
[15]吴一民,傅在斌.西藏改则县夏岗江石炭、二叠纪冈瓦纳相地层[J].地层学杂志,1986,10(4):283289.
WU Yimin,FU Zaibin.The Stratigraphic of Gondwana Facies During the Carboniferous and Permian in Xiagangjiang of Gaize,Tibet[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,1986,10(4):283289.
[16]侯恩刚,高金汉,王根厚,等.西藏改则上三叠统日干配错组生物礁组成特征及演化[J].地质通报,2014,33(7):10671075.
HOU Engang,GAO Jinhan,WANG Genhou,et al.Composition and Evolution of the Upper Triassic Organic Reef in the Riganpeicuo Formation of Gaize County,Tibet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2014,33(7):10671075.
[17]姜高磊,韩芳,宋博文,等.西藏改则盆地渐新统-中新统康托组沉积相特征[J].地质通报,2013,32(1):165174.
JIANG Gaolei,HAN Fang,SONG Bowen,et al.Sedimentary Facies Analysis of the OligoceneMiocene Kangtuo Formation in Gaize Basin,Tibet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2013,32(1):165174.
[5]吕少俊.西藏羌多地区早—中二叠世生物地层特征[J].资源调查与环境,2013,34(4):221227.
LU Shaojun.EarlyMiddle Permian Biostratigraphical Characteristics in Qiangduo Area,Tibet[J].Resources Survey and Environment,2013,34(4):221227.
[6]石和.西藏申扎地区石炭—二叠纪岩石地层划分之我见[J].成都理工学院学报,2001,28(3):246250.
SHI He.Remarks on the CarboniferousPermian Lithostratigraphic Division in the Shenzha Area,Tibet,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2001,28(3):246250.
[7]金玉轩.中国地层典:二叠系[M].北京:地质出版社,2000.
JIN Yuxuan.Stratigraphical Lexicon of China:Permian System[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2000.
[8]王绍兰,王冠民,陈清华.西藏措勤盆地下二叠统昂杰组沉积相分析[J].岩相古地理,1999,19(6):4448.
WANG Shaolan,WANG Guanmin,CHEN Qinghua.Sedimentary Facies of the Lower Permian Ngangze Formation in the Coqen Basin,Xizang[J].Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography,1999,19(6):4448.
[9]郝诒纯,裘松余,林甲兴,等.有孔虫[M].北京:科学出版社,1980.
HAO Yichun,QIU Songyu,LIN Jiaxing,et al.Foraminifer[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980.
[10]俞建章,林英铴,时言,等.石炭纪二叠纪珊瑚[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1983.
YU Jianzhang,LIN Yingtang,SHI Yan,et al.The CarboniferousPermian Coral[M].Changchun:Jilin Peoples Publishing House,1983.
[11]何心一.阿里二叠纪珊瑚[M]∥杨遵仪,聂泽同.西藏阿里古生物.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1990:7679.
HE Xinyi.The Permian Coral of Ali[M]∥YANG Zunyi,NIE Zetong.The Paleontology of Ali in Tibet.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1990:7679.
[12]聂泽同,宋志敏.试论西藏二叠纪蜓类及非蜓有孔虫的生物地理区系与古地理及古构造的关系[J].地球科学,1990,15(3):275282.
NIE Zetong,SONG Zhimin.On Permian Biogeography of Fusulinids and Nonfusulinids in Tibet and Its Relation with Paleotectonics[J].Earth Science,1990,15(3):275282.
[13]黄浩,金小赤,史宇坤,等.西藏申扎地区中二叠世蜓类动物群[J].古生物学报,2007,46(1):6274.
HUANG Hao,JIN Xiaochi,SHI Yukun,et al.Middle Permian Fusulinids from the Xainza Area of the Lhasa Block,Tibet[J].Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,2007,46(1):6274.
[14]姚建新,纪占胜,武桂春,等.西藏申扎地区德日昂玛—下拉剖面:冈瓦纳和特提斯晚石炭世—早二叠世地层和古生物对比的桥梁[J].地质通报,2007,26(1):3141.
YAO Jianxin,JI Zhansheng,WU Guichun,et al.DeriangmaXiala Section in the Xainza Area,Tibet,China:A Bridge for the Stratigraphic and Paleontological Correlation Between Gondwana and Tethys During the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(1):3141.
[15]吴一民,傅在斌.西藏改则县夏岗江石炭、二叠纪冈瓦纳相地层[J].地层学杂志,1986,10(4):283289.
WU Yimin,FU Zaibin.The Stratigraphic of Gondwana Facies During the Carboniferous and Permian in Xiagangjiang of Gaize,Tibet[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,1986,10(4):283289.
[16]侯恩刚,高金汉,王根厚,等.西藏改则上三叠统日干配错组生物礁组成特征及演化[J].地质通报,2014,33(7):10671075.
HOU Engang,GAO Jinhan,WANG Genhou,et al.Composition and Evolution of the Upper Triassic Organic Reef in the Riganpeicuo Formation of Gaize County,Tibet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2014,33(7):10671075.
[17]姜高磊,韩芳,宋博文,等.西藏改则盆地渐新统-中新统康托组沉积相特征[J].地质通报,2013,32(1):165174.
JIANG Gaolei,HAN Fang,SONG Bowen,et al.Sedimentary Facies Analysis of the OligoceneMiocene Kangtuo Formation in Gaize Basin,Tibet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2013,32(1):165174.
[5]吕少俊.西藏羌多地区早—中二叠世生物地层特征[J].资源调查与环境,2013,34(4):221227.
LU Shaojun.EarlyMiddle Permian Biostratigraphical Characteristics in Qiangduo Area,Tibet[J].Resources Survey and Environment,2013,34(4):221227.
[6]石和.西藏申扎地区石炭—二叠纪岩石地层划分之我见[J].成都理工学院学报,2001,28(3):246250.
SHI He.Remarks on the CarboniferousPermian Lithostratigraphic Division in the Shenzha Area,Tibet,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2001,28(3):246250.
[7]金玉轩.中国地层典:二叠系[M].北京:地质出版社,2000.
JIN Yuxuan.Stratigraphical Lexicon of China:Permian System[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2000.
[8]王绍兰,王冠民,陈清华.西藏措勤盆地下二叠统昂杰组沉积相分析[J].岩相古地理,1999,19(6):4448.
WANG Shaolan,WANG Guanmin,CHEN Qinghua.Sedimentary Facies of the Lower Permian Ngangze Formation in the Coqen Basin,Xizang[J].Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography,1999,19(6):4448.
[9]郝诒纯,裘松余,林甲兴,等.有孔虫[M].北京:科学出版社,1980.
HAO Yichun,QIU Songyu,LIN Jiaxing,et al.Foraminifer[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980.
[10]俞建章,林英铴,时言,等.石炭纪二叠纪珊瑚[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1983.
YU Jianzhang,LIN Yingtang,SHI Yan,et al.The CarboniferousPermian Coral[M].Changchun:Jilin Peoples Publishing House,1983.
[11]何心一.阿里二叠纪珊瑚[M]∥杨遵仪,聂泽同.西藏阿里古生物.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1990:7679.
HE Xinyi.The Permian Coral of Ali[M]∥YANG Zunyi,NIE Zetong.The Paleontology of Ali in Tibet.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1990:7679.
[12]聂泽同,宋志敏.试论西藏二叠纪蜓类及非蜓有孔虫的生物地理区系与古地理及古构造的关系[J].地球科学,1990,15(3):275282.
NIE Zetong,SONG Zhimin.On Permian Biogeography of Fusulinids and Nonfusulinids in Tibet and Its Relation with Paleotectonics[J].Earth Science,1990,15(3):275282.
[13]黄浩,金小赤,史宇坤,等.西藏申扎地区中二叠世蜓类动物群[J].古生物学报,2007,46(1):6274.
HUANG Hao,JIN Xiaochi,SHI Yukun,et al.Middle Permian Fusulinids from the Xainza Area of the Lhasa Block,Tibet[J].Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,2007,46(1):6274.
[14]姚建新,纪占胜,武桂春,等.西藏申扎地区德日昂玛—下拉剖面:冈瓦纳和特提斯晚石炭世—早二叠世地层和古生物对比的桥梁[J].地质通报,2007,26(1):3141.
YAO Jianxin,JI Zhansheng,WU Guichun,et al.DeriangmaXiala Section in the Xainza Area,Tibet,China:A Bridge for the Stratigraphic and Paleontological Correlation Between Gondwana and Tethys During the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(1):3141.
[15]吴一民,傅在斌.西藏改则县夏岗江石炭、二叠纪冈瓦纳相地层[J].地层学杂志,1986,10(4):283289.
WU Yimin,FU Zaibin.The Stratigraphic of Gondwana Facies During the Carboniferous and Permian in Xiagangjiang of Gaize,Tibet[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,1986,10(4):283289.
[16]侯恩刚,高金汉,王根厚,等.西藏改则上三叠统日干配错组生物礁组成特征及演化[J].地质通报,2014,33(7):10671075.
HOU Engang,GAO Jinhan,WANG Genhou,et al.Composition and Evolution of the Upper Triassic Organic Reef in the Riganpeicuo Formation of Gaize County,Tibet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2014,33(7):10671075.
[17]姜高磊,韩芳,宋博文,等.西藏改则盆地渐新统-中新统康托组沉积相特征[J].地质通报,2013,32(1):165174.
JIANG Gaolei,HAN Fang,SONG Bowen,et al.Sedimentary Facies Analysis of the OligoceneMiocene Kangtuo Formation in Gaize Basin,Tibet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2013,32(1):165174.