罗伯特·雷德福与圣丹斯电影节

∷宋云峰

提起著名演员、电影导演和制片人罗伯特·雷德福（Robert Redford）和北美著名的圣丹斯电影节（Sundance Film Festival，每年1月在美国犹他州滑雪胜地帕克城举办），读者们都耳熟能详，但说到这两者之间的关系，知道的人恐怕不多。二者均与20世纪60年代的一部经典影片《虎豹小霸王》（Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, 1969）有着不可分割的联系。

罗伯特·雷德福的电影成就

雷德福于1936年8月18日出生于美国加州的圣莫尼卡（Santa Monica）。由于长得金发碧眼、高大帅气，自20世纪60年代以来他主演并导演了多部经典影片，雷福德成为了70年代和80年代的电影偶像。曾因导演《普通人》（Ordinary People，1981）获得奥斯卡最佳导演奖；2002年获得奥斯卡终身成就奖。

雷德福的演艺生涯肇始于电视节目并曾获得艾美奖提名：

Redford’s career—like that of almost all major stars who emerged in the 1950s—began in New York,where an actor could find work both in television and on stage. Starting in 1959, he appeared as a guest star on numerous programs, including, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Twilight Zone, and Captain Brassbound’s Conversion, among others. Redford earned an Emmy nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Voice of Charlie Pont (ABC, 1962).One of his last television appearances was on October 7,1963, on Breaking Point, an ABC medical drama about psychiatry（精神病学）.

在电影上取得初步成功后，雷德福开始担心自己陷入金发碧眼、高大帅哥的固化形象，从而谢绝了类似的人物角色的片约，并在导演乔治·罗伊·希尔（George Roy Hill）执导的反映两名江洋大盗生活的《虎豹小霸王》中与保罗·纽曼（Paul Newman）合作并取得突破，成为名利双收的大明星：

After this initial success, Redford became concerned about his blond male stereotype image and turned down roles in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?and The Graduate. Redford found the property（特性）he was looking for in George Roy Hill’s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), in which he was paired for the first time with Paul Newman. The film was a huge success and made him a major bankable（演员等富有号召力的）star, cementing（巩固）his screen image as an intelligent, reliable, sometimes sardonic（嘲笑的，讥讽的）good guy.

罗伯特·雷德福

随后在1973年出演的两部影片《往日情怀》（The Way We Were）和《骗中骗》（The Sting）令他在接下来的三年内都是票房翘楚，也使他成为20世纪70年代首屈一指的巨星。期间，雷德福出演的电影经典还有根据菲茨杰拉德小说改编的《大亨小传》（The Great Gatsby, 1974）和揭露水门事件的《总统班底》（All the President’s Men, 1976）。1980年，雷德福拍摄了导演处女作《普通人》（Ordinary People, 1980），该片获得当年奥斯卡最佳导演及最佳影片奖。

His overall career was flourishing（处于旺盛或活跃时期）with the critical and box office hit The Way We Were (1973) and the biggest hit of his career: The Sting(1973), which became one of the top 20 highest grossing（卖座的）movies of all time when adjusted for inflation and for which he was also nominated for an Oscar.Between 1974 and 1976, exhibitors（电影院经营者）voted Redford Hollywood’s top box-office name. His hits included The Great Gatsby (1974), and the popular and acclaimed All the President’s Men (1976).

20世纪80年代和90年代，风格和形象日渐成熟老道的雷德福继续出演和导演票房和评论俱佳的电影，例如，与斯特里普一起主演的《走出非洲》（Out of Africa,1985），和布拉德·皮特一起主演并亲自执导的影片《大河恋》（A River Runs Through It, 1992），与黛米·摩尔主演的《不道德的交易》（Indecent Proposal, 1993），与米歇尔·法伊弗主演的《舍不得你》（Up Close and Personal, 1996），以及令斯嘉丽·约翰逊崭露头角的《马语者》（The Horse Whisperer, 1998）。

进入21世纪，雷德福还投资并监制了反应拉美革命家格瓦拉青年生活的“公路片”《摩托日记》并受到好评：

Redford stepped back into producing with The Motorcycle Diaries (2004), a coming-of-age（成长的）road film about a young medical student, Ernesto“Che” Guevera, and his friend Alberto Granado. It also explored political and social issues of South America that influenced Guevara and shaped his future. With five years spent on the film’s making,Redford was credited by director Walter Salles for being instrumental（有帮助的）in getting it made and released.

《虎豹小霸王》与圣丹斯电影节

除了从事自己热爱的电影事业，雷德福利用自己的影响力，积极扶持独立电影的发展，在犹他州发起并设立了圣丹斯电影节。圣丹斯电影节和雷德福的成名作《虎霸小霸王》有着密不可分的联系：

With the financial proceeds（收益）of his acting success, starting with his salaries from Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and Downhill Racer, Redford bought an entire ski area on the east side of Mount Timpanogos northeast of Provo, Utah, called “Timp Haven”, which was renamed “Sundance”, after the name of the character he played in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.

在雷德福的努力下，一系列鼓励和支持独立电影的机构、机制和放映活动在其庄园附近的（犹他州）帕克城成立或举行。第一届独立电影节（当时的名称为“犹他/美国电影节”）于1978年举办，雷德福担任电影节主席。1985年，电影节以雷德福在《虎豹小霸王》中饰演的圣丹斯小子（The Sundance Kid）命名，并延续至今。

He founded the Sundance Film Festival, Sundance Institute, Sundance Cinemas, Sundance Catalog, and the Sundance Channel, all in and around Park City, Utah, 30 miles north of the Sundance ski area. The Sundance Film Festival caters（迎合，满足）to independent filmmakers in the United States and has received recognition from the industry as a place to open films. In 2008, Sundance exhibited 125 feature-length films from 34 countries, with more than 50,000 attendees.

电影节在鼓励和支持美国及国际独立电影制作、发行和放映方面提携和发掘了许多优秀影片和电影人，例如：凯文·史密斯、罗伯特·罗德里格斯、昆汀·塔伦提诺、史蒂芬·索德伯格等独立导演的小众作品都是在圣丹斯电影节上获得认可或成功的。这些小众影片包括《女巫布莱尔》、《落水狗》、《阳光小美女》以及《疯狂店员》等。

自从1981年在帕克城成立圣丹斯研究院（Sundance Institute）以来，雷德福一直致力于扶植独立电影，为独立电影人提供他们所需要的帮助。雷德福还极力促成设立24小时圣丹斯电视频道，宣传放映独立电影。

Since founding the nonprofit Sundance Institute in Park City, in 1981, Redford has been deeply involved with independent film. Through its various workshop programs and popular film festival, Sundance has provided muchneeded support for independent filmmakers. In 1995,Redford signed a deal with Showtime to start a 24-hour cable television channel devoted to airing independent films. The Sundance Channel premiered on February 29,1996.

当然，随着圣丹斯电影节的影响力和规模的持续扩大，有人批评该独立电影节越来越成为电影公司宣传新作的战场和影星们抛头露面的阵地。为此，电影节组委会努力使电影节回归展示独立电影的本质：

The festival has changed over the decades from a lowprofile venue（举办场地）for small-budget, independent creators from outside the Hollywood system to a media extravaganza（铺张华丽的演出或比赛等）for Hollywood celebrity actors, paparazzi（狗仔队）, and luxury lounges set up by companies not affiliated（加入，合作）with Sundance. Festival organizers have tried curbing（控制，约束）these activities in recent years, beginning in 2007 with their ongoing Focus On Film campaign.