After The Walking Dead1,What Is Left to Scare Us?
2014-12-17ByLisaSchwarzbaum
By Lisa Schwarzbaum
∷钟凡凡 选译
好莱坞的恐怖电影和电视剧可谓是一个群魔乱舞的庞大家族,里面有吸血鬼、僵尸、科学怪人、变态杀人狂、外星生物、变异怪兽以及精神病患者等等,数不胜数,令观众们胆战心惊却又忍不住继续收看。这些令人恐怖形象的背后其实是一部人类文化和心理的危机史,演绎着在现实世界中人们心底最恐惧的故事。继最近流行的《行尸走肉》、《僵尸世界大战》、《超验骇客》等受欢迎的影视作品之后,下一波恐怖热潮又会是什么呢?
《行尸走肉》
Is there anyone left who still flinches when a zombie is dispatched with the violent application of a knife, sword,bullet, stick, boulder, crossbow or other brain-piercing instrument to a bloodspurting head?2. flinch: (从困难、危险或令人害怕的事情)退缩,畏缩;dispatch: 除去,除掉;application: 应用,实施;spurt: 喷出,迸出。The Walking Dead, the stylish American drama, has inspired endless speculation about exactly what caused the majority of the citizenry to become flesheating zombies.3. stylish: 时髦的,流行的;citizenry:市民,公民。There is, no doubt, some great allegorical4. allegorical: 包含寓意的,寓言的。signi ficance to it all for those who want to look for it, something to fit our times. And for those not seeking symbolism, there is always the entertainment of being pleasurably spooked, not least by all that gore.5. spook: 受惊吓;not least: 尤其,相当重要地;gore: 杀戮,暴力。Yet, four seasons intoThe Walking Dead, we watch as those still living kill the zombi fied deceased and accept the skewering of skulls as a matter-of-fact activity akin to the brushing of teeth.6. zombi fied: 僵尸化的,失去思维能力的;the deceased: 死者;skewer:刺穿,叉住;matter-of-fact: 不带感情的,平淡的;akin to: 近乎,类似。
《僵尸世界大战》海报
Has the zombie genre become routine? And if so,are we now in need of the Next Great Scare? What is out there to frighten us silly7. silly: 惊呆了的,昏了头的。? Because whatever scares us as a form of entertainment is never just the thing itself—the vampire, the axe murderer, the mutant lizard or extraterrestrial—but also a manifestation of zeitgeist anxiety, a clue inside our society’s deepest fears at a particular moment.8. the mutant lizard: 变异的蜥蜴,此处暗指2014年即将上映的《哥斯拉》电影,哥斯拉是日本创造的影响力最广的怪兽形象之一;extraterrestrial: 外星人,外星生物;zeitgeist:(来源于德语)时代思潮,时代精神。The original 1956Invasion of theBody Snatchersis not merely about extraterrestrial ‘pods’ that turn humans into emotionless replicants, but also a critique ofconformity.Rosemary’s Babyis not simply about a pregnant woman and the devil, but also an allegory about women being denied reproductive freedom.
《天外魔花》
So, what can possibly scare us next?
What’s old is new
These days our zeitgeist anxiety is focused, with good reason, on technology in general and on the Internet in particular. Secrets spilled by Edward Snowden about the extent to which the US National Security Agency covertly monitors the world have drawn refocused attention on the terrifying power of computerised intelligence9. spill: 泄露,道出(秘密);Edward Snowden:爱德华·斯诺登,前美国中央情报局职员,于2013年6月在香港将美国国家安全局关于棱镜计划监听项目的秘密文档披露给了英国《卫报》和美国《华盛顿邮报》;US National Security Agency: 美国国家安全局,美国政府机构中最大的情报部门,专门负责收集和分析外国及本国通讯资料,隶属于美国国防部;covertly: 秘密地,偷摸地。—an old fear becomes new again. We’re suddenly back to the Orwellian10. Orwellian: 奥威尔主义的。指现代政权利用宣传、误报、监控等来执行社会控制,一个明显的表现就是侵犯个人隐私,到处都是直接或间接的监视。attitudes of the 1940s‘50s and ‘60s that had a massive in fluence on popular culture, so to make a prediction about what to expect for the future of horror, it helps to look back.
《罗斯玛丽的婴儿》
新版《哥斯拉》
Stanley Kubrick’s minimalist-majestic movie2001: A Space Odyssey, in which the computer called HAL develops an insidious lip-reading intelligence of its own, feels as startlingly relevant now as it did 45 years ago.11. Stanley Kubrick: 斯坦利·库布里克(1928—1999),美国电影导演,代表作有《2001太空漫游》、《发条橙》和《闪灵》等,都是电影史上的经典之作;insidious: 暗中为害的,伺机陷害的;relevant: 与当前重大问题密切相关的,有重大意义的。HAL was built to liberate the astronauts from menial12. menial: 乏味的,枯燥的。tasks, but ultimately ends up threatening them: that’s the danger of convenience, both then and now. Kubrick’s prophetic warning was twofold. He suggested that humanity might be flirting with disaster by relying too heavily on technology,and also that we’d all better watch out lest we become like machines ourselves; Snowden warns against the same pitfalls.13. flirt with: 不认真对待,不严肃对待;lest: 唯恐,以免;pitfall: 诱惑,易犯的错误。
《2001太空漫游》
Now, a new variation14. variation: 变化,变体。on these 1960s ideas arrived in cinemas this April. The sci- fithrillerTranscendencestars Johnny Depp as a brilliant arti ficial intelligence researcher who transcends physical limitations to merge his “consciousness” with that of the machine he has built to process collective intelligence.15. Johnny Depp: 约翰尼·德普,美国电影演员,代表作有《加勒比海盗》系列和《查理和巧克力工厂》等;transcend: 超越,超过限度;collective intelligence: 集体智能,一种共享的或者群体的智能,以及集结众人的意见进而转化为决策的一种过程。集体智能在细菌、动物、人类以及计算机网络中形成。The results, let us just say, are not on the side of societal good. As the uploaded human’s consciousness expands within a computer, the disembodied mind learns to disregard the ethical distinctions that humans are capable of making between right and wrong.16. disembodied: 脱离实体的,无实体的;disregard: 无视,置之度外。And the means of defence,by the alarmed few humans who recognise the danger,are drastic.
The catharsis of terror
Looking back to the era of the atom bomb and the Cold War we’ll also find another source of terror that is likely to appear on movie screens again soon.Our shared terrors of radiation sickness, mutation,brainwashing and mass annihilation brought audiences together in the ‘50s to enjoyGodzilla,Invasion of the Body SnatchersandOn the Beach. Today’s fears about the effects of pollution, global warming, nuclear disasters, scienti fically-modi fied food and unethical genetic experimentation already have been transformed into good entertainment in movies about mutant monsters—Bong Joon-ho’s excellent 2006 monster parableThe Hostand the stylish 2009 sci- fithrillerSplice, about genetic engineering gone terribly wrong are among them. But now on 16 May Warner Bros is firing the first salvo to bring back the mutant monster movie in grand, big-budget Hollywood fashion:Godzilla.17. Warner Bros: 华纳兄弟娱乐公司,全球最大的电影和电视娱乐制作公司之一;salvo: 礼炮齐鸣。The giant, city-stomping lizard isn’t just a monster;he’s also a walking embodiment of nuclear destruction,conceived by Japanese storytellers not too long after the US dropped bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.18. stomp: 跺脚,践踏;walking embodiment: 化身;conceive: 想象,构想出;Hiroshima: 广岛市,日本西部著名的工业城市,是世界上第一个被核武器轰炸的城市;Nagasaki: 长崎市,日本西部一个重要的港湾城市,是继广岛市之后世界上第二个、也是目前最后一个遭到核武器攻击的城市。In this new version it seems likely he will be something else: a parable for a planet made sick by pollution.
《超验黑客》
The newGodzillaproves that in the movie industry it is never so much that we overcome our fears and move on to new terrors. It’s that filmmakers recycle the old ones. But rather than that being a sign of Hollywood running out of ideas, our recurring19. recurring: (往事等)再次发生的,再现的。zeitgeist fears reveal the immense capacity of the human race to repeat itself.Indeed, I predict many more horror movie and television plots based on technological anxieties—regarding fears of surveillance, control and conformity, and biological disruptions that result in mutant monsters. The 1950s and ‘60s are back, but with a distinct 21st Century twist.And after we’ve exhausted these sources of terror?ExpectMad Max-style movies about societies rebuilding themselves from the ashes of destruction, deprived of Internet assistance.20. Mad Max:《疯狂的麦克斯》,一部1979年澳大利亚反乌托邦动作片。讲述了在原油耗尽的澳大利亚,能源短缺使法律与秩序开始被打破,一个普通人麦克斯和一群绰号“黑暗骑士”的凶残飞车党对抗的故事;deprived of: 剥夺,失去。We will be terri fied, our horror lit by the ghoulishness of moviegoers texting in the darkened cinema, the distracting lights of their electronic devices making zombies of us all.
《汉江怪物》
看到刀剑、子弹、木棍、大石块、十字弓或其他武器猛地射穿一个僵尸的大脑,瞬间血肉横飞、僵尸倒地的场面,我们现在谁还会被吓到?大热美剧《行尸走肉》引发了无尽的猜想:究竟是什么致使大部分市民变成了吃人的僵尸?对于那些想要从中寻找适用于当代社会的象征意义的观众们而言,这部剧无疑是具有某些重要寓意的;而对于那些无所谓象征意义的观众们而言,颤栗的愉悦也不失为一种娱乐,尤其是那些血腥暴力所带来的。不过,在观看了四季的《行尸走肉》之后,我们早就看惯了那些幸存者杀死变成僵尸的死人,射穿头骨也早就变成了一种像刷牙似的习以为常的把戏。
僵尸电影已经落入俗套了吗?倘若如此,我们如今是否需要一种新的恐惧?还有什么东西能把我们吓得魂不附体?当任何令我们恐惧的东西成为一种娱乐方式后,吓人的绝不仅仅是这些东西本身——吸血鬼、斧子杀手、变异蜥蜴或外星异形,它们还是时代焦虑的一种外在表现——当代社会在某一特定时期最深层恐惧的迹象。1956年原版的《天外魔花》不仅仅是一个关于外星人“卵囊”把人类变成毫无感情的复制品的故事,它还是对“同化”的一种批判;《罗斯玛丽的婴儿》亦不仅仅是一个关于孕妇和魔鬼的故事,它还是关于妇女失去生育自由的寓言。那么,接下来还有什么能吓到我们的呢?
旧貌新颜
如今,我们的时代焦虑集中于对科技(整体)和互联网(具体)的担忧,这其实不无道理。爱德华•斯诺登泄露了美国国家安全局秘密监控的广泛性,再次引起人们对计算机智能可怕力量的关注——旧恐惧换上了新面貌。忽然之间,我们重拾20世纪五六十年代的奥威尔式态度。当时,奥威尔的思想对流行文化产生了巨大的影响。因此,我们若想预测下一种恐惧将会是什么,回顾历史不无裨益。
斯坦利•库布里克45年前导演的极简抽象派电影大片《2001太空漫游》在今天看来尚未过时,仍具有同样的重要意义。在电影中,一台叫做HAL的智能计算机暗自发展出一套唇读识别系统。创造HAL的目的是为了将宇航员们从枯燥乏味的工作中解放出来,但它最终却成了宇航员们的最大威胁:无论在当时还是现在来看,这都是“便利”所带来的危险。库布里克的警示预言有两层含义。他表示,如果人类太依赖科技,那么灾难可能随时会降临;而且,我们最好小心谨慎,避免自己过于“机器化”。斯诺登发出了相同的警告。
最近,这个20世纪60年代的思想以新的形式体现在今年四月上映的一部新电影之中。在科幻惊悚电影《超验黑客》里,约翰尼•德普出演了一位杰出的人工智能研究专家,他超越了物理限制,将自己的“意识”与他自己创造出来用于处理集体智能的超级电脑融合在一起。这样做的结果,让我们姑且这么说吧,没有给社会带来什么好处。随着上传到超级电脑里的人类意识不断扩展,脱离了肉体的心灵学会了无视人类用以判断是非的伦理道德标准。而对已经意识到危险的极少数人来说,他们的反击方式是极端的。
恐惧的精神净化
回望核弹和冷战时期,我们也能找到另一个恐怖之源,而且它可能很快又会重登电影大屏幕。对辐射疾病、变异、洗脑和大灭绝的相同恐惧把20世纪50年代的电影观众聚集到了一起,共同观看《哥斯拉》、《天外魔花》和《海滨》。而今天对污染、全球变暖、核灾难、转基因食品以及不道德基因实验等的恐惧已经被转化成了娱乐,造就了以变异怪兽为主题的电影——例如,2006年奉俊昊导演的关于变异怪兽的预言式佳作《汉江怪物》和2009年讲述基因工程铸成大错的热门科幻惊悚片《人工杂交》。不过,华纳兄弟于5月16日打响了变异怪兽电影回归的第一炮——高成本的好莱坞华丽大片《哥斯拉》在当天上映。这只巨大的、将城市踩在脚底的蜥蜴不仅仅是一个怪物,它更是日本作家们在美国于广岛、长崎投放原子弹不久之后想象出的代表核毁灭的化身。在新一版的电影中,它似乎又有了别的含义:关于受污染毒害的地球的一则寓言。
新版《哥斯拉》证明了在电影产业中,我们并不会忘却旧有的恐惧而转移到新的恐惧上。电影制作者们在做重复利用的工作。但与其说这是好莱坞黔驴技穷的一个迹象,倒不如说我们重现的时代恐惧表明了人类不断重复历史的超凡能力。是啊,我甚至能预测以科技焦虑为主题的恐怖电影和电视剧——关于对监控、控制与同化,以及导致变异怪兽产生的生化破坏的恐惧——会不断涌现。20世纪五六十年代正在回归,但带着明显的21世纪特征。那么,在我们穷尽了这些恐惧源泉之后呢?我期待《疯狂的麦克思》式电影,这类电影讲述了在失去互联网之后城市如何在废墟上重建起来。看到在黑暗的电影院中如食尸鬼般发着短信的观影者们,我们的恐惧将被点燃;看到那些发出令人分神的光芒的电子设备正在把我们都变成一具具行尸走肉,我们会感到害怕。