颅内压监测下尿激酶脑室内灌洗在高血压性脑室内血肿治疗中的策略探讨
2014-12-15苏杭州陈春美李华民等
苏杭州+陈春美+李华民等
[摘要] 目的 探讨高血压脑室内出血微创钻孔穿刺置管尿激酶灌洗外引流的临床疗效。 方法 回顾性分析本院2011年6月~2013年6月收治的高血压性脑室内出血患者52例,根据不同的尿激酶水平和治疗时间,并设立对照组(采用单纯双额骨微创钻孔穿刺置管外引流手术),记录评估颅内血肿的变化情况、血肿变化与尿激酶灌洗的时间关系、患者日常生活能力(ADL)分级评估、灌洗手术前后GOS评分状况等。 结果 本组共纳入52例患者,术后3个月,GOS评分5分14例,4分23例,3分15例;ADL分级Ⅰ级14例,Ⅱ级23例,Ⅲ级14例,Ⅳ级1例。与对照组相比,尿激酶脑室内灌洗组在术后颅内压监测、ADL评分、GOS评分等方面具有一定优势。 结论 高血压脑出血患者出血情况稳定后,早期应用尿激酶治疗组预后相对较好,适当的尿激酶时间剂量组合有助于脑室内出血患者的恢复,颅内压监测下尿激酶脑室内灌洗对高血压脑出血脑室内血肿的治疗效果明显,操作简便、创伤小、安全有效、预后较好。
[关键词] 颅内出血;微创;引流术;尿激酶
[中图分类号] R651.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)11(c)-0007-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical effect of the external drainage of urokinase lavage via minimally invasive drilling puncture catheter indwelling in patients with hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage. Methods Data of 52 patients with hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage in our hospital from June 2011 to June 2013 treated with different concentrations of urokinase and at different time were retrospectively analysed.The simple external drainage via bilateral frontal minimally invasive drilling puncture catheter indwelling was used in control group.The changes of intracranial hematoma,the relationship between the change of hematoma,the time of urokinase lavage,the patients′ ADL grade,the GOS score before and after the lavage were recorded and evaluated. Results There were 52 patients,after operation of 3 months,the cases of GOS score of 5,4,3 was 14,23,15 cases respectively and 14 cases were ADL grade Ⅰ,23 cases were grade Ⅱ,14 cases were grade Ⅲ,only 1 case was grade Ⅳ.Compare with control group,the group of intraventricular urokinase lavage had certain advantage in ICP,ADL grade and GOS score. Conclusion When patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage are in stable state,the early application of urokinase has a better prognosis.The appropriate urokinase concentration and therapy time can also contribute to the patient′s recovery.Urokinase intraventricular lavage under intracranial pressure monitor has a considerable curative effect for intraventricular hematoma in patients with hypertension cerebral hemorrhage and this kind of operation is easy for handling,little trauma,safe and effective and with a better prognosis.
[Key words] Intracranial hemorrhage;Minimally invasive;External ventricular drainage;Urokinase
高血压脑出血是常见病、多发病,而且其致残率、病死率均高,尤其是血肿破入脑室出现脑室内出血,病死率极高[1]。脑室内出血占脑出血的3%~5%,其病残率和病死率高,尤其是两个脑室以上的出血,保守治疗病死率高达99%[2]。在短时间内清除脑室内积血是降低病死率和残疾率的关键所在,但目前尿激酶在临床的应用方式尚无统一方案[3]。选取本院收治的高血压性脑室内出血患者52例采用微创钻孔穿刺置管尿激酶灌洗外引流手术治疗,并设立对照组采用单纯双额骨微创钻孔穿刺置管外引流手术治疗,探讨尿激酶脑室内灌洗的适宜手术策略和并发症防治,探究尿激酶在治疗高血压颅内出血应用中的合理时机和时间剂量组合。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取本院2011年6月~2013年6月收治的高血压性脑室内出血患者52例,男29例,女23例;年龄36~82岁,平均(60.78±13.01)岁;其中31~50岁11例,~65岁17例,~82岁24例;有明显高血压病史43例,病史叙述不清或无高血压病史9例;深昏迷18例,浅昏迷13例,嗜睡16例,神志清楚9例;入院时伴有头痛、恶心、呕吐23例,偏瘫13例,失语16例;GCS评分:6~8分17例,9~12分35例;发病时间:<6 h为7例,6~12 h为28例,~24 h为17例。52例均经头颅CT平扫,CT平扫结果示:单纯脑室出血25例,伴有脑实质出血27例,出血限于两侧脑室者39例,两个以上脑室者13例;根据多田公式计算出血量:20~30 ml 4例,~40 ml 34例,~50 ml 9例,~60 ml 5例。
1.2 纳入标准和排除标准
纳入标准:①既往高血压病史或既往未检查血压但入院时血压明显升高,符合危重型高血压标准;②头颅CT提示脑室内出血,范围涉及双侧脑室或多个脑室内出血;③所有病例均有钻孔置管外引流的必要性。排除标准:①因颅内动脉瘤、动静脉畸形、颅底血管畸形等血管性疾病脑室内出血;②术前双侧瞳孔散大固定、深昏迷,呼吸和(或)循环异常无法纠正,脑干功能衰竭;③凝血机制障碍,伴有严重的出血倾向,如血友病等;④明确的颅内动脉及动静脉畸形引起的血肿;⑤患者拒绝手术治疗。
1.3 分组方式
综合目前国内发表文章和专著,目前脑室内尿激酶剂量使用范围为10 000~50 000 U/次,使用频率1~2次/24 h,脑室内保留时间1~4 h,结合尿激酶药效浓度和作用时间,设立不同的治疗组。根据患者具体情况判断是否纳入本研究,纳入后随机分配入不同治疗组(表1)。
1.4 手术治疗及尿激酶应用方案实施
患者入院后完善病例资料和检查并即予以甘露醇、呋塞米脱水及控制血压、保持呼吸道通畅等对症治疗,备皮,消毒,并根据头颅CT参考定位,局部麻醉或气管插管全身麻醉成功后行双侧额骨、颅骨钻孔,沿着侧脑室额角穿刺方向插入直径为12~14号多孔硅胶管,插入深度6~8 cm,可见缓慢放出血性脑脊液,外接无菌引瓶置于枕旁,硅胶管另一端接有三通开关的灭菌引流袋,引流管高度平行脑室外引流,放置颅内压探头。术后观察12 h,复查头颅CT明确引流位置、脑室内出血情况及脑室剩余积血情况。确定病情无明显恶化后,确定引流管通畅,根据方案设计经引流管注入不同剂量的尿激酶(天津生化,批号:041404032),并用5 ml生理盐水稀释,夹管不同作用时间,执行不同灌洗频率。治疗过程密切关注患者神志、瞳孔和肢体活动等临床表现,注意颅内压(ICP)监测仪数值改变,配合脱水、控制血压、营养神经以及防治并发症等处理,头颅CT扫描。准备拔除脑室外引流管前先夹闭引流,观察24 h,观察引流量和引出脑脊液颜色情况,证实临床症状无恶化且持续好转、无颅内高压征,予以拔出。
1.5 疗效评估
①头颅CT复查:一般尽可能安排1~2 d复查头颅CT,动态观察脑室内血肿量变化。②记录患者从灌洗到CT复查发现血肿消失的时间。③采用日常生活能力(ADL)分级法判断患者灌洗术后24 h、2周、3个月的疗效。ADL分级为Ⅰ级:完全恢复日常生活;Ⅱ级:部分恢复或可独立生活;Ⅲ级:需人帮助,扶拐行走;Ⅳ级:卧床,但意识清楚;Ⅴ级:植物状态。④GOS评分:同样取灌洗术后24 h、2周、3个月3个时间点进行GOS评分。GOS评分5分:恢复良好;4分:轻度残疾;3分:重度残疾;2分:植物状态;1分:死亡。⑤记录术后6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、3 d、4 d、5 d的ICP监测值。
1.6 统计学处理
采用SPSS 21.0统计软件对数据进行分析和处理,计量资料以x±s表示,采用方差分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 术后随访结果
本组病例共纳入52例患者,术后ICP监测值不同程度下降,术后3个月时,GOS评分5分14例,4分23例,3分15例;ADL分级Ⅰ级14例,Ⅱ级23例,Ⅲ级14例,Ⅳ级1例。
2.2 各组术后不同时间ADL评分的比较
随着术后时间延长,治疗组八的ADL评分明显降低;术后2周~术后3个月,治疗组四~八的ADL评分较对照组低(图1)。
3 讨论
脑室内出血是指由于非外伤因素所导致的颅内血管破裂,血液进入脑室系统而引起的综合征,发病率占自发颅内出血的20%~60%[4]。高血压性脑室内出血是自发性脑室出血的主要原因,常继发于脑深部血肿或脑内巨大血肿,常常急性危重起病,由于脑内血肿压迫、丘脑下部及脑干受压损伤、血性脑脊液刺激、急性梗阻性脑积水发生、ICP急剧升高、脑深部结构遭受破坏等,其死亡率高,尤其是脑室内铸型出血及恶性颅内高压,使病情恶化,甚至死亡[1,5-6]。有研究表明,高血压脑出血的预后与脑室扩大程度、出血量和ICP升高均有一定关联[7]。因此,及时清除脑室内血块,尽早降低脑室内压和ICP,是高血压性脑室内出血抢救成功的关键[8]。高血压脑室内出血往往影响脑脊液通路,早期出现脑室内压升高,而且,脑室内血块在溶解过程中产生炎症介质易引起大脑皮质表面动脉及基底动脉广泛痉挛,刺激脑室周围的脑组织,出现血肿周围的脑水肿,加重颅高压,导致病情恶化[9],所以单靠药物治疗往往很难奏效。有学者提出,早期脑室扩张的原因在于脑室内血凝块的占位效应,而后期(2~3周后)主要是由于脑脊液吸收障碍所导致,早期脑室扩张引起的室管膜损伤、室管膜下角质增生,血凝块降解释放产物释放的因子协同作用,使脑室周围组织的顺应性下降,促进脑室扩张的恶化[10]。目前治疗高血压性脑室内出血的方式主要有开颅血肿清除、单纯脑室内置管外引流等手术方式,近年来神经内镜也应用于脑室内血肿清除手术中[11],不同手术方式有不同适应证和并发症。
单纯脑室外引流是治疗高血压脑出血的标准方法,引流可尽快清除脑室内积血,减少血肿分解产物,减少其对脑组织的毒性作用,有助于减轻和防止脑血管痉挛[12]。单纯脑室外引流并不能促进血凝块溶解,可能存在凝血块堵塞引流管、ICP控制不理想、感染等问题[13-15]。脑室内出血一般血肿吸收需要3周左右的时间,治疗效果不佳,病死率高达60%~90%[16]。脑室外引流时间的延长和血凝块降解产物释放的相关因子可能引起脑室炎症的发生[17]。有研究表明,纤溶治疗可以降低引流管堵塞的发生率并缩短脑室系统的廓清时间,脑室内给予尿激酶能加速脑室系统凝血块溶解,有效降低ICP,有利于防止蛛网膜颗粒的机化粘连,阻止交通性脑积水的发生[8,18-20],这为早期治疗脑室内出血提供了有力的依据,将脑室外引流和尿激酶联合使用,不仅可以降低ICP,还可以有效溶解血块,迅速恢复脑脊液循环通路。
目前对于尿激酶在高血压脑叶血肿使用剂量、使用时间和频率以及疗效均有比较统一的规定,但是对于尿激酶在脑室内出血应用策略及疗效并没有统一标准,且在使用方法上存在一定争议[3,16,21]。同时,由于尿激酶能增加纤溶酶活性,降低血液循环中未结合型纤溶酶原和与纤维蛋白结合的纤溶酶原,可能出现严重的出血危险[22]。术后均在CT复查无再发出血及出血稳定后应用。在注入尿激酶灌洗时,动作要缓慢轻柔,注入后要密切观察意识及瞳孔的改变,注意ICP监测的数值变化;灌注尿激酶后夹管期间要密切观察病情变化,做好心电监护和血氧监测,注意有无ICP增高的现象,如有明显变化应及时开放引流;开放引流时应逐渐放开,保证ICP相对平稳缓慢地下降,避免ICP波动过大造成脑室塌陷,引起继发性出血。若夹管过程中或引流过程中出现进行性意识障碍、呼吸心跳功能改变,提示患者可能发生急性ICP增高。早期ICP增高患者常表现为烦躁不安、头痛、头晕,可伴有呕吐,心电监护提示患者呼吸加深加快,血压突然升高,特别是收缩压的突然增高;ICP增高后期反而出现心率减缓,甚至<60/min,呼吸深慢<16/min,血压、体温明显升高,提示颅内再出血的发生和脑疝的形成。因此,在ICP增高的整个治疗过程当中,都应时刻注意ICP的变化,有条件的情况下建议使用ICP监测。在尿激酶灌注时,如发现ICP增高的现象,应提前缓慢逐步开放引流管;在单纯脑室灌注引流治疗时,如发现引流管液面波动改变,应注意是否有引流不畅的发生,及时处理。同时,肺部感染、急性肾衰竭、应激性溃疡、弥散性血管内凝血等相关一系列并发症往往与脑室内出血相伴发生,临床医师应引起重视;术后患者卧床期间在保证卧床休息的同时,需要特别注意患者肢体的活动和护理,长期卧床的患者要注意下肢深静脉血栓的发生,以免前功尽弃。
本研究结果显示,一定范围内较大时间剂量治疗方案患者的预后具有有利的作用;GOS评分结果的改变与ADL评分相似,短时间内的效果可能不容易察觉,术后至3个月随访时间内,在一定范围内较大时间剂量尿激酶的应用有利于高血压脑室内出血患者的术后恢复,与相关研究结果相同[8,18-20];ICP监测相对于ADL评分和GOS评分在患者住院治疗期间(颅内高压期)可能更具有指导意义,同样,在有条件的单位应用尿激酶治疗脑室内出血时应尽量采用ICP监测;脑功能在脑室内出血压迫情况下,虽然引流手术和尿激酶治疗能迅速缓解症状,短期内的ADL评分和GOS评分不一定会迅速改善,但从长远来看,尿激酶和引流术的配合存在显著优势,对改善患者的预后有较大帮助,值得提倡。本研究所采用最大剂量的治疗组七、八在术后6~12 h的ICP下降速度相对较快,仍在5~15 mm Hg范围内,提示在临床工作中需要特别重视尿激酶应用之后的密切监护,颅内高压得不到及时缓解不利于术后恢复,但过快的ICP下降所引起的不利因素也是临床医师应该重视的[22]。
ICP监测下尿激酶脑室内灌洗对高血压脑出血脑室内血肿的治疗效果明显,操作简便、创伤小、安全有效,高血压脑出血患者出血情况稳定之后,早期应用尿激酶治疗有助于预后改善,更加合理的治疗方案需要更多的临床病例支持。
4 不足与展望
①本研究的时间跨度较短,随访时间相对不足,最短随访病例只有3个月,虽然临床效果较好,但更长时间的随访病例将更具有说服力;②本研究相对保守、严谨,严格按照纳入标准和排除标准进行,研究结果对于动脉瘤破裂出血破入脑室、脑干功能衰竭、严重的出血倾向以及其他危重病患者并不适用;③出于大剂量尿激酶使用的安全性考虑,常规放置ICP监测探头,视患者情况术后12~24 h均由手术医师监护,研究结果与未行ICP监测的研究可能有所差别;④本研究的病例数有限(共52例),分析时将尿激酶的剂量、每日使用次数、夹管时间三个控制因素作为单一变量进行分析,至文章发表前,只能证明治疗组八在本研究中具有良好的临床价值,后续的研究工作已在进行中,待一定病例数量时将分析这三个控制因素之间的相互关系。
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[10] Todo T,Usui M,Takakura K.Treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage by intraventricular infusion of urokinase[J].J Neurosurg,1991,74(1):81-86.
[11] Hamada H,Hayashi N,Kurimoto M,et al.Neuroendoscopic removal of intraventricular hemorrhage combined with hydrocephalus[J].Minim Invasive Neurosurg,2008,51(6):345-349.
[12] Kim YZ,Kim KH.Even in patients with a small hemorrhagic volume,stereotactic-guided evacuation of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage improves functional outcome[J].J Korean Neurosurg Soc,2009,46(2):109-115.
[13] Mohr G,Ferguson G,Khan M,et al.Intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm:Retrospective analysis of 91 cases[J].J Neurosurg,1983,58(4):482-487.
[14] Little J,Blomquist Jr G,Ethier R.Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults[J].Surg Neurol,1977,8(3):143-149.
[15] Kanno T,Nagata J,Nonomura K,et al.New approaches in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1993,24(12 Suppl): I96-I100.
[16] 张建党,周汉光,刘睿.58例高血压脑室内出血治疗体会[J].中华神经外科杂志,2004,19(3):173.
[17] Leung G,Ng K,Taw B,et al.Extended subcutaneous tunnelling technique for external ventricular drainage[J].British J Neurosurg,2007,21(4):359-364.
[18] Coplin WM,Vinas FC,Agris JM,et al.A cohort study of the safety and feasibility of intraventricular urokinase for nonaneurysmal spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1998,29(8):1573-1579.
[19] Naff NJ,Carhuapoma JR,Williams MA,et al.Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with urokinase effects on 30-day survival[J].Stroke,2000,31(4):841-847.
[20] Usui M,Saito N,Hoya K,et al.Vasospasm prevention with postoperative intrathecal thrombolytic therapy:a retrospective comparison of urokinase,tissue plasminogen activator,and cisternal drainage alone[J].Neurosurgery,1994, 34(2):235-245.
[21] Andrews CO,Engelhard HH.Fibrinolytic therapy in intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Ann Pharmacother,2001,35(11):1435-1448.
[22] Schwarz S,Schwab S,Steiner HH,et al.Secondary hemorrhage after intraventricular fibrinolysis:a cautionary note:a report of two cases[J].Neurosurgery,1998,42(3):659-663.
(收稿日期:2014-10-16 本文编辑:李亚聪)
[4] 王忠诚.王忠诚神经外科学[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2005.
[5] Stein M,Luecke M,Preuss M,et al.Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension and the grading of obstructive hydrocephalus:the prediction of outcome of a special life-threatening entity[J].Neurosurgery,2010,67(5):1243-1252.
[6] Fountas KN,Kapsalaki EZ,Parish DC,et al.Intraventricular administration of rt-PA in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage[J].South Med J,2005,98(8):767-773.
[7] Mayfrank L,Lippitz B,Groth M,et al.Effect of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator on clot lysis and ventricular dilatation in the treatment of severe intraventricular haemorrhage[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),1993,122(1-2):32-38.
[8] Naff NJ,Hanley DF,Keyl PM,et al.Intraventricular thrombolysis speeds blood clot resolution:results of a pilot,prospective,randomized,double-blind,controlled trial[J].Neurosurgery,2004,54(3):577-584.
[9] Stemer A,Ouyang B,Lee VH,et al.Prevalence and risk factors for multiple simultaneous intracerebral hemorrhages[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2010,30(3):302-307.
[10] Todo T,Usui M,Takakura K.Treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage by intraventricular infusion of urokinase[J].J Neurosurg,1991,74(1):81-86.
[11] Hamada H,Hayashi N,Kurimoto M,et al.Neuroendoscopic removal of intraventricular hemorrhage combined with hydrocephalus[J].Minim Invasive Neurosurg,2008,51(6):345-349.
[12] Kim YZ,Kim KH.Even in patients with a small hemorrhagic volume,stereotactic-guided evacuation of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage improves functional outcome[J].J Korean Neurosurg Soc,2009,46(2):109-115.
[13] Mohr G,Ferguson G,Khan M,et al.Intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm:Retrospective analysis of 91 cases[J].J Neurosurg,1983,58(4):482-487.
[14] Little J,Blomquist Jr G,Ethier R.Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults[J].Surg Neurol,1977,8(3):143-149.
[15] Kanno T,Nagata J,Nonomura K,et al.New approaches in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1993,24(12 Suppl): I96-I100.
[16] 张建党,周汉光,刘睿.58例高血压脑室内出血治疗体会[J].中华神经外科杂志,2004,19(3):173.
[17] Leung G,Ng K,Taw B,et al.Extended subcutaneous tunnelling technique for external ventricular drainage[J].British J Neurosurg,2007,21(4):359-364.
[18] Coplin WM,Vinas FC,Agris JM,et al.A cohort study of the safety and feasibility of intraventricular urokinase for nonaneurysmal spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1998,29(8):1573-1579.
[19] Naff NJ,Carhuapoma JR,Williams MA,et al.Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with urokinase effects on 30-day survival[J].Stroke,2000,31(4):841-847.
[20] Usui M,Saito N,Hoya K,et al.Vasospasm prevention with postoperative intrathecal thrombolytic therapy:a retrospective comparison of urokinase,tissue plasminogen activator,and cisternal drainage alone[J].Neurosurgery,1994, 34(2):235-245.
[21] Andrews CO,Engelhard HH.Fibrinolytic therapy in intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Ann Pharmacother,2001,35(11):1435-1448.
[22] Schwarz S,Schwab S,Steiner HH,et al.Secondary hemorrhage after intraventricular fibrinolysis:a cautionary note:a report of two cases[J].Neurosurgery,1998,42(3):659-663.
(收稿日期:2014-10-16 本文编辑:李亚聪)
[4] 王忠诚.王忠诚神经外科学[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2005.
[5] Stein M,Luecke M,Preuss M,et al.Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension and the grading of obstructive hydrocephalus:the prediction of outcome of a special life-threatening entity[J].Neurosurgery,2010,67(5):1243-1252.
[6] Fountas KN,Kapsalaki EZ,Parish DC,et al.Intraventricular administration of rt-PA in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage[J].South Med J,2005,98(8):767-773.
[7] Mayfrank L,Lippitz B,Groth M,et al.Effect of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator on clot lysis and ventricular dilatation in the treatment of severe intraventricular haemorrhage[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),1993,122(1-2):32-38.
[8] Naff NJ,Hanley DF,Keyl PM,et al.Intraventricular thrombolysis speeds blood clot resolution:results of a pilot,prospective,randomized,double-blind,controlled trial[J].Neurosurgery,2004,54(3):577-584.
[9] Stemer A,Ouyang B,Lee VH,et al.Prevalence and risk factors for multiple simultaneous intracerebral hemorrhages[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2010,30(3):302-307.
[10] Todo T,Usui M,Takakura K.Treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage by intraventricular infusion of urokinase[J].J Neurosurg,1991,74(1):81-86.
[11] Hamada H,Hayashi N,Kurimoto M,et al.Neuroendoscopic removal of intraventricular hemorrhage combined with hydrocephalus[J].Minim Invasive Neurosurg,2008,51(6):345-349.
[12] Kim YZ,Kim KH.Even in patients with a small hemorrhagic volume,stereotactic-guided evacuation of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage improves functional outcome[J].J Korean Neurosurg Soc,2009,46(2):109-115.
[13] Mohr G,Ferguson G,Khan M,et al.Intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm:Retrospective analysis of 91 cases[J].J Neurosurg,1983,58(4):482-487.
[14] Little J,Blomquist Jr G,Ethier R.Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults[J].Surg Neurol,1977,8(3):143-149.
[15] Kanno T,Nagata J,Nonomura K,et al.New approaches in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1993,24(12 Suppl): I96-I100.
[16] 张建党,周汉光,刘睿.58例高血压脑室内出血治疗体会[J].中华神经外科杂志,2004,19(3):173.
[17] Leung G,Ng K,Taw B,et al.Extended subcutaneous tunnelling technique for external ventricular drainage[J].British J Neurosurg,2007,21(4):359-364.
[18] Coplin WM,Vinas FC,Agris JM,et al.A cohort study of the safety and feasibility of intraventricular urokinase for nonaneurysmal spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1998,29(8):1573-1579.
[19] Naff NJ,Carhuapoma JR,Williams MA,et al.Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with urokinase effects on 30-day survival[J].Stroke,2000,31(4):841-847.
[20] Usui M,Saito N,Hoya K,et al.Vasospasm prevention with postoperative intrathecal thrombolytic therapy:a retrospective comparison of urokinase,tissue plasminogen activator,and cisternal drainage alone[J].Neurosurgery,1994, 34(2):235-245.
[21] Andrews CO,Engelhard HH.Fibrinolytic therapy in intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Ann Pharmacother,2001,35(11):1435-1448.
[22] Schwarz S,Schwab S,Steiner HH,et al.Secondary hemorrhage after intraventricular fibrinolysis:a cautionary note:a report of two cases[J].Neurosurgery,1998,42(3):659-663.
(收稿日期:2014-10-16 本文编辑:李亚聪)