满族生育礼仪英译研究

摘 要：满族人的生育礼仪既非常复杂又带有浓郁的民族风味。对于这样的民俗翻译我们采用直译加注释的方法能够在保持民俗文化原滋原味的基础上使目的语读者获得最大的认知语境，翻译也就易于取得成功。笔者通过英文示例呈现了这种翻译的方法。

关键词：生育；直译

一、满族生育礼仪概述

满族十分重视对子女的生育。妇女一旦怀孕，被视为全家吉事，这时婆母便告诉她一些保胎知识和传统禁忌。如：不准孕妇到别人的产房去，不准坐锅台、窗台。不许大哭大笑，不准侍奉祖先神。怀孕五月，不许去马棚，不许牵马等。小孩出生称“落草”。据说，古时满族妇女在炕上临产时，要卷起炕席，铺上谷草，产妇在谷草上分娩，以后便相沿成习。小孩“落草”后，如果是男孩，要悬一小弓箭于门左，象征其长大后成为一个优秀射手；若是女孩，则门前挂 一红布条，象征吉祥。婴儿出生的第二天，要请子女多、身体好的妇女喂第一次奶，叫“开奶”。第一个进产房看孩子的外人叫“采生人”。满族认为婴儿长大后性格会像“采生人”的性格，所以十分注重挑选“采生人”。婴儿出生的第三天，要“洗三”，请儿女双全，德高望重的老太太给孩子沐浴，也称沐浴礼。沐浴用大铜盆，内放槐树叶、艾蒿，倒上热水后，前来祝贺的亲友们则将铜钱、花生和鸡蛋等放入盆内，叫做添盆。沐浴过程中，如婴儿放声大哭，则视为大吉大利，这叫“响盆。”孩子出生后第七天开始上悠车，孩子满月后正式起名。

二、满族生育礼仪的英译原则及示例

由于满族的生育礼仪十分讲究，充满着封建迷信的色彩。在对其进行英译时，译者应该尽量在翻译出满族人生育时喜庆的气氛同时，保持其原滋原味的民俗特征。可通过采用直译加注解的办法来解决中西两种文化在生育礼仪方面的冲突，尽量能够让西方读者获得足够多的认知语境。具体翻译示例如下：

Manchu attaches importance to the child-birth. Once the woman is pregnant， it is regarded as the familys happy event. At this time the mother-in-law will tell her some knowledge about fetus protection and traditional taboos. For example， pregnant woman is prohibited to go to other womans delivery room， to sit on the top of the kitchen range or the windowsill， to cry and laugh loudly， to serve for the gods of ancestors ， to go to the stable or pull the horse at the fifth month of pregnance.

It is a custom called “luocao” that Manchu mothers will deliver the baby onto the grass. It is said that the ancient women would roll the kang mat and spread the rice straw with a desire to make a delivery on the kang. It becomes a convention after many years practices. If a new-born baby is a boy， a small bow and arrow that symbolizes he would become an excellent shooter after grown-up will be hanged on the left part of the door； if it is a girl， a red piece of cloth that symbolizes luck will be hanged in front of the door. The healthy woman who delivers more children would be invited to give first suck to the new-born baby the next day， which is called “kainai”. The first person who went into the delivery room to see the new-born baby is called “caishengren”. Manchu believe that the character of the baby tends to be like the “caishengrens”. As a result， they pay more attention to choose a “caishengren”. On the third day， the new- born baby would be taken a bath by a noble old woman who has sons and daughters， which is called “xisan”. The basin should be made of copper which contains the leaves of locust tree， felon herb. After pouring hot water into it， the close relatives and friends who are coming to celebrate the child-birth would put copper coins， peanuts and eggs into the basin， which is called “tianpen”. During the process of bath， if the baby cries， it means good luck， which is called “xiangpen”. From the seventh day， the new-born baby begins to sleep in “youche”（a hanging cradle for a babys fast and good sleep）. The new-born babys name will be given after a whole month.

參考文献：

[1] 乌丙安，1999，《中国民俗学》，[M]，沈阳：辽宁大学出版社。

[2] 董晓萍，2002，《说话文化——民俗传统与现代生活》，[M]，北京：中华书局。

作者简介：王晓辉（1977.1—），男，研究生，现为东北电力大学外国语学院讲师，主要研究方向为英美文学和英语教育。