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硫化氢抑制葡萄糖调节蛋白78减轻6—OHDA诱导的PC12细胞损伤

2014-10-23刘博许岩马娜廖文辉汪胜林启康

中国当代医药 2014年26期
关键词:硫化氢帕金森病

刘博+许岩+马娜+廖文辉+汪胜+林启康+梁伟健+孟金兰

[摘要] 目的 探讨硫化氢(H2S)是否通过改变葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)的表达参与其对抗6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)诱导PC12细胞损伤的保护作用。 方法 应用具有神经毒性的6-OHDA损伤PC12细胞为帕金森病细胞模型,以硫氢化钠(NaHS)作为H2S的供体;应用CCK-8比色法检测细胞存活率;DFCH-DA染色检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)的水平;Rh123染色检测细胞线粒体膜电位(MMP);Western blot检测GRP78的表达。 结果 200 μmol/L的6-OHDA引起PC12细胞的存活率显著降低,ROS生成增加及MMP降低,且诱导了GRP78的高表达。应用25~400 μmol/L的NaHS预处理30 min,呈浓度依赖性抑制6-OHDA引起的细胞存活率降低,其中400 μmol/L的NaHS作用最明显,此浓度也可以显著减少6-OHDA引起的ROS增多,提高MMP,同时明显抑制6-OHDA诱导的GRP78高表达。 结论 H2S具有抗6-OHDA氧化应激损伤的PC12细胞保护作用,抑制内质网应激分子GRP78的表达可能是其机制之一。

[关键词] 硫化氢;帕金森病;内质网应激;GRP78;PC12细胞

[中图分类号] R741 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)09(b)-0004-05

Hydrogen sulfide attenuates 6-OHDA-induced injury by inhibition of the GRP78 pathway in PC12 cells

LIU Bo1 XU Yan2 MA Na3 LIAO Wen-hui1 WANG Sheng3 LIN Qi-kang1 LIANG Wei-jian1 MENG Jin-lan3▲

1.Class 1 of Pharmaceutical Preparations 2011,Guangdong Pharmaceutical University,Guangzhou 510080,China;2.Department of the Third Surgery,Cancer Center of Southern Medical University TCM-Integrated Hospital,Guangzhou 510315,China;3.Department of Physiology,School of Basic Courses Guangdong Pharmaceutical University,Guangzhou 510006,China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate whether hydrogen sulfide(H2S)involved in the protection of PC12 cells against 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)-induced injury by changing the glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78)expression. Methods 6-OHDA was used to establish the Parkinson disease model in PC12 cells with dopaminergic neurons characteristics.Sodium hydrosulfide(NaHS)was used as a H2S donor.The viability of PC12 cells was measured by CCK-8 assay.The level of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in PC12 cells was measured by DCFH-DA staining.The mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP)was analyzed by rhodamine 123 staining.The expression of GRP78 was evaluated by Western blot. Results 200 μmol/L 6-OHDA induced a decrease in cell viability and overproduction of ROS as well as dissipation of MMP in PC12 cells.6-OHDA induced the upregulation of GRP78 expression.When PC12 cells were treated with NaHS 30 min before 6-OHDA treatment a decrease in viability of PC12 cells induced by 6-OHDA was concentration-dependently blocked by NaHS(25-400 μmol/L).Pretreatment with NaHS at 400 μmol/L obviously inhibited the dissipation of MMP and overproduction of ROS induced by 200 μmol/L 6-OHDA.Furthermore,NaHS preconditioning obviously dicreased the upregulation of GRP78 expression induced by 6-OHDA. Conclusion H2S protected PC12 cells against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress injury and inhibiting the expression of GRP78 may be one of the mechanism underlying cytoprotection induced by H2S preconditioning.

[Key words] Hydrogen sulfide;Parkinson disease;Endoplasmic reticulum stress;Glucose-regulated protein 78;PC12 cells

帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)是老年人中患病率和致残率较高的神经系统退行性疾病之一。目前PD的病因尚不清楚,但活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)产生过量引起的氧化应激参与了PD的发病机制[1];研究也表明内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)介导的黑质多巴胺能神经元凋亡是PD发生的重要病理生理机制之一[2-3]。近年来,H2S在中枢神经系统中的研究日益深入,生理含量的H2S不仅具有神经调质的作用[4],而且被视为一种重要的生理性保护成分调节多种重要的生理功能。研究已阐明H2S参与脑内氧化应激、神经炎症和细胞凋亡的调节[5],可能与PD等神经退行性疾病的病理机制有关。已有研究表明,H2S可以通过抑制ERS发挥抗氧化应激损伤的心肌保护作用,但在中枢神经系统中H2S与ERS之间的关系目前知之甚少。H2S能否通过抑制ERS保护神经细胞对抗氧化应激损伤尚未明确。本研究应用神经毒性药物6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydopamine,6-OHDA)诱导PC12细胞为PD细胞模型,观察H2S预处理对抗6-OHDA氧化应激损伤的PC12细胞保护作用及对ERS信号通路的影响。

1 材料与方法

1.1 主要试剂

NaHS、6-OHDA、维生素C购自Sigma公司;CCK-8、DCFH-DA、Rh123购自壁云天生物公司;DMEM培养基、胎牛血清购自Gibico BRL公司(NY USA);GAPDH购自Boster Bio-engineering公司;GRP78抗体购自Cell Signaling公司。

1.2 细胞培养

PC12细胞在37℃、5% CO2条件下,培养于含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基中。细胞经0.25%胰蛋白酶消化后每2~3天传代1次。药物处理在细胞对数生长期进行。

1.3 实验分组

1.3.1 探讨NaHS预处理对抗6-OHDA诱导的细胞毒性作用 实验分为9组:空白对照组;NaHS对照组(单独应用400 μmol/L的NaHS预处理PC12细胞30 min);根据NaHS干预浓度(0,25,50,100,200,400,800 μmol/L)+6-OHDA将PC12细胞依次分为7组(6-OHDA损伤组及NaHS干预1、2、3、4、5、6组),每组应用不同浓度NaHS干预30 min,再应用200 μmol/L的6-OHDA处理PC12细胞24 h,观察NaHS预处理对抗6-OHDA细胞毒性的保护作用。

1.3.2 探讨NaHS预处理对抗6-OHDA诱导ROS生成、线粒体膜电位降低及对GRP78表达的影响 实验分4组:空白对照组;6-OHDA损伤组(200 μmol/L的6-OHDA处理PC12细胞4 h或24 h);NaHS预处理组:400 μmol/L的NaHS预处理30 min后再应用200 μmol/L的6-OHDA处理PC12细胞相应时间;NaHS对照组:单独应用400 μmol/L的NaHS预处理30 min。

1.4 CCK-8法检测细胞存活率

以1×104/孔的密度将细胞接种于96孔培养板,每组包括4个复孔。显微镜下观察细胞生长至70%~80%融合时,给予不同因素处理,每孔加入CCK-8工作液150 μl(无血清培养基稀释),并设定空白对照组。37°C孵育3 h,每孔吸光度值用酶标仪在450 nm波长处测得。按细胞存活率(%)=(OD处理组-OD空白组)/(OD对照组-OD空白组)×100来计算4孔光密度的平均值,即为每组细胞的存活率。

1.5 ROS含量的检测

PC12细胞接种于24孔板内,给予不同因素处理后用DMEM培养液(不加血清)洗涤2次,加入终浓度为1 μmol/L的2′,7′-二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐(DFCH-DA),37℃避光孵育30 min,荧光显微镜下摄片。用ImageJ 1.41分析软件选取5个不同的视野进行平均荧光强度统计分析。

1.6 细胞内线粒体膜电位(mitochondria membrane potential,MMP)的检测

PC12细胞接种于24孔板内,给予不同因素处理后用PBS洗涤2次,加入100 μg/L的Rh123,37℃避光孵育45 min,荧光显微镜下摄片。用ImageJ 1.41分析软件选取5个不同的视野进行平均荧光强度统计分析。

1.7 Western blot检测蛋白的表达

细胞接种于直径为35 mm的培养皿内,各处理因素结束后,收集细胞并用细胞裂解液50 μl在冰上裂解。4℃ 12 000×g离心细胞裂解物5 min,上清-80℃保存。用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒将提取的蛋白样品进行蛋白定量。将相同蛋白量的各组样品进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(SDS-PAGE)电泳。待蛋白质分离后,100 V真空电转移1 h转移到PVDF膜上。室温下PVDF膜用含5% PBST溶解的脱脂奶粉封闭1 h。4℃孵育一抗GRP78(1∶1000)过夜,室温PBS洗脱3次,室温继续孵育相应二抗1 h,PBST洗脱1 h,中间换液3次。免疫信号用增强型化学发光法显色,以曝光到X线胶片上。将X线胶片扫描后,用ImageJ 1.41分析软件进行灰度分析。

1.8 统计学处理

采用SPSS 11.0统计软件对数据进行分析和处理,计量资料以x±s表示,采用单因素方差分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 NaHS保护PC12细胞对抗6-OHDA细胞毒性的作用

NaHS在一定浓度范围内(25~400 μmol/L)可呈剂量依赖性抑制200 μmol/L的6-OHDA诱导的细胞毒性,其中400 μmol/L的NaHS保护作用最佳,但其本身不影响PC12细胞的存活率,随着NaHS浓度的增加,NaHS保护作用减弱(图1)。

图1 NaHS保护PC12细胞对抗6-OHDA细胞毒性的作用

与空白对照组比较,*P<0.01;与6-OHDA损伤组比较,#P<0.05,##P<0.01

2.2 NaHS保护PC12细胞拮抗6-OHDA诱导的ROS生成增多

细胞内ROS变化可通过DCF的荧光强度来反映,当细胞经6-OHDA处理4 h后,与空白对照组相比,6-OHDA损伤组细胞内ROS的生成明显增加;经NaHS预处理后,PC12细胞内ROS的生成明显受到抑制,提示NaHS能保护PC12细胞拮抗6-OHDA诱导的ROS生成增多;NaHS本身不影响细胞内ROS的生成(图2)。

图2 NaHS保护PC12细胞拮抗6-OHDA诱导的ROS生成增多

与空白对照组比较,*P<0.01;与6-OHDA损伤组比较,#P<0.01

2.3 NaHS保护PC12细胞拮抗6-OHDA诱导的MMP降低

细胞内MMP变化可以通过Rh123的荧光强度来判断,当细胞经6-OHDA处理24 h后,与空白对照组相比,6-OHDA损伤组细胞内MMP明显受到抑制;经NaHS预处理后,PC12细胞内Rh123的荧光强度明显增加,提示NaHS能保护PC12细胞拮抗6-OHDA诱导的MMP降低;NaHS本身不影响细胞内MMP的水平(图3)。

图3 NaHS保护PC12细胞拮抗6-OHDA诱导的MMP降低

与空白对照组比较,*P<0.01;与6-OHDA损伤组比较,#P<0.01

2.4 NaHS预处理对6-OHDA诱导GRP78蛋白表达的影响

Western blot显示,6-OHDA处理PC12细胞24 h后GRP78蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.01),在6-OHDA干预前30 min加入400 μmol/L的NaHS预处理,结果显示NaHS显著降低6-OHDA引起的GRP78高表达(P<0.01),而NaHS本身不影响GRP78的表达,提示NaHS可通过抑制6-OHDA诱导的ERS发挥细胞保护作用(图4)。

图4 NaHS预处理抑制6-OHDA诱导的GRP78高表达

与空白对照组比较,*P<0.01;与6-OHDA损伤组比较,#P<0.01

3 讨论

近年研究发现,H2S作为一种新颖的神经调质参与调制中枢神经系统的生理及病理功能[4-7],具有神经保护作用,能保护星形胶质细胞对抗氧化应激引起的损伤[8],能抗脂多糖诱导的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的炎症反应[9],能保护人神经母细胞瘤细胞SH-SY5Y对抗鱼藤酮诱导的凋亡等[10]。为了探讨H2S对抗6-OHDA诱导神经元损伤的保护作用,本文观察了6-OHDA对PC12细胞的作用,发现200 μmol/L的6-OHDA作用24 h可显著降低PC12细胞的存活率,明显增加ROS生成及降低细胞的MMP,提示6-OHDA可通过增加ROS及降低MMP损伤多巴胺能神经细胞。Kwon等[11]报道,6-OHDA能引起ROS生成增加及降低MMP诱导SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡,支持本实验结果。研究已证实过多的ROS可损伤核酸、蛋白质和膜磷脂等重要细胞成分,也可降低MMP,从而导致细胞损伤,支持本实验结果。本文进一步观察发现NaHS能通过提高PC12细胞的MMP及抑制ROS生成,增加细胞存活率发挥对抗6-OHDA引起的细胞毒性作用,结果提示外源性H2S能对抗6-OHDA引起的PC12细胞氧化应激损伤,具有神经细胞保护作用,可能与其抑制ROS生成增多和改善MMP有关。

多种原因如缺氧、饥饿、钙离子平衡失调、自由基侵袭及药物等可诱导蛋白质错误折叠或未折叠,这些蛋白在内质网内积累引起ERS[12-14]。GRP78是ERS的标志性分子,其表达变化与神经系统疾病的发生、发展关系密切[15-16]。本实验观察发现,6-OHDA处理PC12细胞24 h诱导了GRP78高表达,提示6-OHDA造成的PC12细胞损伤作用与其诱导ERS有密切关系。Omura等[2]研究表明,ERS介导了神经退行性疾病如PD的神经元凋亡,支持本实验结果。

相关研究指出,外源性H2S可抑制同型半胱氨酸在体内、体外诱导的ERS分子GRP78的表达,显著减轻脂质过氧化反应,加速过氧化氢的清除而保护心肌[17],提示H2S的器官或细胞保护作用与抑制GRP78信号途径有关,但在中枢神经系统中对H2S与GRP78关系的研究目前知之甚少。H2S预处理抗6-OHDA损伤的PC12细胞保护作用是否与抑制GRP78信号通路有关未见报道。本实验观察显示,应用400 μmol/L的NaHS预处理30 min明显抑制6-OHDA诱导的GRP78高表达,提示H2S预处理可通过下调GRP78的表达发挥对抗6-OHDA损伤的PC12细胞保护作用。关于两者关系还需进一步深入研究。

综上所述,6-OHDA通过增加ROS、降低MMP引起PC12细胞氧化应激损伤,引起ERS标志性分子GRP78的高表达;H2S具有对抗6-OHDA氧化应激损伤的神经细胞保护作用,抑制GRP78表达上调可能是其机制之一。

[参考文献]

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[8] Lu M,Hu LF,Hu G,et al.Hydrogen sulfide protects astrocytes against H2O2-induced neural injury via enhancing glutamate uptake[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2008,45(12):1705-1713.

[9] Hu LF,Wong PT,Moore PK,et al.Hydrogen sulfide attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in microglia[J].J Neurochem,2007,100(4):1121-1128.

[10] Hu LF,Lu M,Wu ZY,et al.Hydrogen sulfide inhibits rotenone-induced apoptosis via preservation of mitochondrial function[J].Mol Pharmacol,2009,75(1):27-34.

[11] Kwon SH,Ma SX,Hong SI,et al.Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.bark.attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal cell death through inhibition of oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2014,152(1):173-182.

[12] Ma Y,Hendershot LM.The role of the unfolded protein response in tumour development:friend or foe?[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2004,4(12):966-977.

[13] Ron D,Walter P.Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response[J].Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2007,8(7):519-529.

[14] Wouters BG,Koritzinsky M.Hypoxia signalling through mTOR and the unfolded protein response in cancer[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2008,8(11):851-864.

[15] Costa RO,Ferreiro E,Cardoso S M,et al.ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathway induced by amyloid-beta[J].J Alzheimers Dis,2010,20(2):625-636.

[16] Ilieva EV,Naudi A,Kichev A,et al.Depletion of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress regulators in Pick disease[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2010,48(10):1302-1310.

[17] Chang L,Geng B,Yu F,et al.Hydrogen sulfide inhibits myocardial injury induced by homocysteine in rats[J].Amino Acids,2008,34(4):573-585.

(收稿日期:2014-07-14 本文编辑:李亚聪)

[2] Omura T,Kaneko M,Okuma Y,et al.Endoplasmic reticulum stress and Parkinson′s disease:the role of HRD1 in averting apoptosis in neurodegenerative disease[J].Oxid Med Cell Longev,2013,2013: 239854.

[3] Zeng XS,Jia JJ,Kwon Y,et al.The role of thioredoxin-1 in suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson disease[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2014,67:10-18.

[4] Kimura H.Hydrogen sulfide as a neuromodulator[J].Mol Neurobiol,2002,26(1):13-19.

[5] Donatti AF,Soriano RN,Sabino JP,et al.Endogenous hydrogen sulfide in the rostral ventrolateral medulla/Botzinger complex downregulates ventilatory responses to hypoxia[J].Respir Physiol Neurobiol,2014,200:97-104.

[6] Wei HJ,Li X,Tang XQ.Therapeutic benefits of HS in Alzheimer′s disease[J].J Clin Neurosci,2014.[Epub ahead of print]

[7] Yin J,Tu C,Zhao J,et al.Exogenous hydrogen sulfide protects against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via its anti-oxidative,anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in rats[J].Brain Res,2013,1491:188-196.

[8] Lu M,Hu LF,Hu G,et al.Hydrogen sulfide protects astrocytes against H2O2-induced neural injury via enhancing glutamate uptake[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2008,45(12):1705-1713.

[9] Hu LF,Wong PT,Moore PK,et al.Hydrogen sulfide attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in microglia[J].J Neurochem,2007,100(4):1121-1128.

[10] Hu LF,Lu M,Wu ZY,et al.Hydrogen sulfide inhibits rotenone-induced apoptosis via preservation of mitochondrial function[J].Mol Pharmacol,2009,75(1):27-34.

[11] Kwon SH,Ma SX,Hong SI,et al.Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.bark.attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal cell death through inhibition of oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2014,152(1):173-182.

[12] Ma Y,Hendershot LM.The role of the unfolded protein response in tumour development:friend or foe?[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2004,4(12):966-977.

[13] Ron D,Walter P.Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response[J].Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2007,8(7):519-529.

[14] Wouters BG,Koritzinsky M.Hypoxia signalling through mTOR and the unfolded protein response in cancer[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2008,8(11):851-864.

[15] Costa RO,Ferreiro E,Cardoso S M,et al.ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathway induced by amyloid-beta[J].J Alzheimers Dis,2010,20(2):625-636.

[16] Ilieva EV,Naudi A,Kichev A,et al.Depletion of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress regulators in Pick disease[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2010,48(10):1302-1310.

[17] Chang L,Geng B,Yu F,et al.Hydrogen sulfide inhibits myocardial injury induced by homocysteine in rats[J].Amino Acids,2008,34(4):573-585.

(收稿日期:2014-07-14 本文编辑:李亚聪)

[2] Omura T,Kaneko M,Okuma Y,et al.Endoplasmic reticulum stress and Parkinson′s disease:the role of HRD1 in averting apoptosis in neurodegenerative disease[J].Oxid Med Cell Longev,2013,2013: 239854.

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