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碳酸镧联合阿法骨化醇治疗维持性腹膜透析患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床效果观察

2014-09-25吴静等

中国当代医药 2014年23期

吴静等

[摘要] 目的 观察碳酸镧联合阿法骨化醇治疗维持性腹膜透析患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的效果。 方法 选取30例维持性非卧床腹膜透析继发甲状旁腺功能亢进患者,随机分为对照组(n=15,阿法骨化醇 0.5 μg/d)和治疗组(n=15,阿法骨化醇0.5 μg、1次/d+碳酸镧500 mg、3次/d),观察治疗前及治疗后连续3个月的血Ca2+、血P3+及血全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)水平变化。 结果 对照组治疗2、3个月后,仅血Ca2+有明显改善(P<0.05),血P3+、血iPTH与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗组的血P3+于治疗后1个月开始下降,血Ca2+、血iPTH于治疗后2个月开始有显著改善(P<0.05);与对照组治疗3个月相比,治疗组血P3+、血iPTH改善明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 在阿法骨化醇基础上加用碳酸镧可明显改善维持性腹膜透析患者钙磷代谢紊乱,有效缓解继发甲状旁腺功能亢进。

[关键词] 阿法骨化醇;碳酸镧;维持性腹膜透析;甲状旁腺功能亢进

[中图分类号] R459.5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)08(b)-0096-03

[Abstract] Objective To observe the effect of lanthanum carbonate combined with alphacalcidol in the treatment of continuous peritoneal dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Methods 30 cases of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism were selected and randomly divided into control group(n=15,alphacalcidol 0.5 μg/d)and treatment group(n=15,alphacalcidol 0.5 μg/d+lanthanum carbonate 500 mg,three times a day).In 3 months of treatment,serum calcium(Ca2+),serum phosphate(P3+)and serum intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH)was observed respectively. Results After 2 and 3 months of treatment in control group,only the level of serum Ca2+ increased obviously between before and after treatment,with statistical difference(P<0.05).There was no statistical difference in the change of serum P3+ and iPTH(P>0.05)in control group.In treatment group,serum P3+ began to fall evidently after 1 month of combination therapy with lanthanum carbonate(P<0.05).Serum Ca2+ and iPTH showed significant change after 2 month of treatment(P<0.05).There was statistical difference on the serum P3+ and iPTH between treatment group and control group after 3 months respectively(P<0.05). Conclusion Alphacalcidol combined lanthanum carbonate can obviously improve the calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorder in peritoneal dialysis patients,and relieve secondary hyperparathyroidism effectively.

[Key words] Alphacalcidol;Lanthanum carbonate;Continous peritoneal dialysis;Hyperparathyroidism

慢性肾脏疾病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)具有高发病率、高住院率、高死亡率及高额治疗费用等特点,已成为危害全世界公共卫生健康的重大疾病[1]。CKD患者约占世界总人口的10%[1],西南地区CKD的患病率高达18.3%,成人中约有1.2亿CKD患者[2],全国约有3600万尿毒症患者需行肾脏替代治疗,CKD已成为影响中国人群的重要健康问题。随着医疗技术的改进,越来越多的尿毒症患者选择维持性非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)治疗。继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进是CAPD患者常见的并发症,也是其发生肾性骨病及相应靶器官损伤的重要病因。研究发现血P3+每升高1 mg/dl,CKD患者死亡风险升高18%,高磷血症是死亡风险增加的一个独立因素[3-4],所以选择合适的药物治疗钙磷代谢紊乱显得尤为重要。本研究观察磷结合剂——碳酸镧联合阿法骨化醇治疗CAPD患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床效果,为临床合理防治甲状旁腺功能亢进提供依据。endprint

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选取2011年3月~2013年12月本院肾内科行CAPD继发甲状旁腺功能亢进患者30例,随机分为两组,对照组和治疗组各15例。对照组:男9例,女6例;年龄22~72岁,平均(44.7±3.8)岁;维持性腹膜透析1~5年,平均3.2年;原发病为慢性肾小球肾炎7例,糖尿病肾病4例,高血压肾损害3例,急进性肾小球肾炎1例。治疗组:男8例,女7例;年龄20~78岁,平均(46.8±4.2)岁;维持性腹膜透析1~6年,平均3.8年;原发疾病为慢性肾小球肾炎8例,糖尿病性肾病3例,高血压肾病3例,梗阻性肾病1例。两组患者的一般情况比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 腹膜透析及治疗

两组患者均行CAPD 3~4次/d,透析液为广州百特公司的低钙透析液(碳酸盐-1.5%),对照组给予阿法骨化醇软胶囊(上海信宜延安药业有限公司,批号:05130904,0.5 μg/粒)0.5 μg口服,1次/d,2~4周后根据血Ca2+情况调整剂量,最大剂量为0.5~1 μg/d;治疗组在对照组的基础上嚼服碳酸镧咀嚼片[费森尤斯卡比(中国)投资有限公司,批号:H20120055,500 mg/片]500 mg,3次/d,餐中嚼服。根据血P3+情况调整碳酸镧用量,最大日剂量不超过3750 mg,同时给予低蛋白和低磷饮食配合治疗,总疗程为3个月。

1.3 观察指标

两组治疗前后每隔4周均监测血Ca2+、血P3+,采用双位点免疫放射分析法测定全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH),连续观察3个月。

1.4 统计学处理

采用SPSS 17.0统计软件对数据进行分析和处理,计量资料以x±s表示,采用t检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组治疗前后血Ca2+、血P3+及血iPTH的比较

两组治疗后2、3个月的血Ca2+水平与治疗前相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组治疗后血P3+、血iPTH水平与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗组的血P3+水平与治疗前相比,治疗1个月后开始下降(P<0.05),治疗后3个月与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组的血iPTH水平治疗后2个月开始下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且治疗后3个月与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表1)。

2.2 不良反应情况

在治疗期间,所有患者未出现阿法骨化醇、碳酸镧有关的严重不良反应(消化道症状、头痛、头晕、肝肾功能损害、皮疹)。对照组1例患者出现高钙血症,减少阿法骨化醇用量后血Ca2+降至正常。治疗组1例出现恶心症状,服药2周后消失;1例出现高钙血症,也于减少阿法骨化醇用量后血Ca2+降至正常。

3 讨论

慢性肾衰竭时,肾脏1α羟化作用的损害及维生素D受体的表达减少,导致相对和绝对1,25-(OH)2D3的不足,是CKD患者发生继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的主要原因[5]。高磷血症不仅通过减少骨化三醇的产生和降低血Ca2+浓度间接影响PTH的分泌,而且对甲状旁腺还有直接刺激作用,引起PTH分泌增加,是造成继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的重要因素[6]。慢性肾衰竭早期,血P3+仍维持在正常范围内,当肾小球滤过率为20~50 ml/min时,血P3+水平开始升高[7],维持性腹膜透析不能有效清除血P3+,且高磷血症是心血管疾病的独立危险因素,因此调节CAPD的钙磷代谢紊乱,缓解甲状旁腺代谢紊乱显得尤为重要。

阿法骨化醇口服经小肠吸收后在肝内经25-羟化酶作用转化为1,25-(OH)2 D3而发挥疗效,1,25-(OH)2 D3直接抑制PTH合成与分泌,增加甲状旁腺对Ca2+的敏感性,促进肠道吸收Ca2+,纠正低钙血症[8]。本研究发现应用阿法骨化醇治疗CAPD患者低钙血症效果确切,对照组和治疗组口服阿法骨化醇2、3个月后血Ca2+均有升高趋势(P<0.05),表明单用阿法骨化醇可明显升高血Ca2+,且不易导致高钙血症。

按照KDOQI指南推荐的透析患者每日蛋白摄入量1.2 g/kg,长期腹膜透析患者的高磷血症几乎不可避免[9],尽管可以采用增加透析频率、延长透析时间来增加清除血P3+[10],但由于成本问题、各个透析中心技术问题,透析清除的P3+仍是有限。碳酸镧是一种不含钙和铝的磷酸盐结合剂,通过形成高度不溶的磷酸镧复合物来抑制磷酸盐的吸收,从而降低血浆磷酸盐和磷酸钙水平。用于终末期肾病患者降低血清中磷酸盐浓度,有其独特的治疗优越性[11-12]。本研究发现,碳酸镧的起效时间较快,大约1个月就表现出了明显下降趋势,3个月治疗组患者血P3+大多降至正常,且不升高血Ca2+浓度。本文发现治疗组服用碳酸镧加阿法骨化醇后2个月iPTH水平出现明显下降趋势,3个月后iPTH水平降至正常,考虑与碳酸镧及阿法骨化醇的升高血Ca2+、降低血P3+及改善继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进有关。

我国血液透析发展较快,临床上有较多关于患者钙磷代谢的研究,而腹膜透析在我国基层医院开展相对较迟,其钙磷代谢紊乱的研究相对较少[13]。本研究发现,单用阿法骨化醇治疗3个月后血Ca2+水平恢复正常,差异有统计学意义,而血P3+、血iPTH水平较治疗前差异无统计学意义,可能与治疗时间短及样本量少有关,以后可通过增加样本量及延长治疗时间进一步观察临床疗效。治疗组血Ca2+水平恢复正常,血P3+、血iPTH水平明显下降,差异有统计学意义,可证明阿法骨化醇联合碳酸镧在纠正低钙、高磷及降低PTH水平,而不升高血Ca2+中疗效显著,安全可靠。

综上所述,碳酸镧联合阿法骨化醇可以明显改善维持性血液透析患者钙、磷代谢紊乱,有效缓解继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进,为临床合理防治甲状旁腺功能亢进提供依据。endprint

[参考文献]

[1] 张训.慢性肾脏病继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的新认识[J].中国中西医结合肾病杂志,2010,11(4):283-285.

[2] Zhang L,Wang F,Wang L,et al.Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China:a cross-sectional survey[J].Lancet,2012,379(9818):815-822.

[3] Palmer SC,Hayen A,Macaskill P,et al.Serum levels of phosphorus,parathyroid hormone,and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JAMA,2011,305(11):1119-1127.

[4] Hruska KA,Saab G,Mathew S,et al.Renal osteodystrophy,phosphate homeostasis,and vascular calcification[J].Semin Dial,2007,20(4):309-315.

[5] Cozzolion M,Gallieni M,Brancaccio D,et al.Vitamin D retains an important role in the pathogenesis and management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure[J].J Nephrol,2006,19(5):566-577.

[6] Cunningham J,Locatelli F,Rodriguez M,et al.Secondary hyperparathyroidism:pathogenesis,disease progression,and therapeutic options[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,6(4):913-921.

[7] 王海燕,王梅.慢性肾脏病及透析的临床指南[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:141-153.

[8] Francis RM,Boyle IT,Moniz C,et al.A comparison of the effects of alfacalcidol treatment and vitamin D2 supplementation on calcium absorption in elderly women with vertebral fractures[J].Osteoporos Int,1996,6(4):284-290.

[9] Uribarri J.Doqi guidelines for nutrition in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients:a dissenting view[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2001,37(6):1313-1318.

[10] Badve SV,Zimmerman DL,Knoll GA,et al.Peritoneal phosphate clearance is influenced by peritoneal dialysis modality,independent of peritoneal transport characteristics[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1711-1717.

[11] Tonelli M,Pannu N,Manns B,et al.Oral phosphate binders in patients with kidney failure[J].N Engl J Med,2010,363(10):1312-1324.

[12] Lloret MJ,Ruiz-García C,Dasilva I,et al.Lanthanum carbonate for the control of hyperphosphatemia in chronic renal failure patients:a new oral powder formulation-safety,efficacy,and patient adherence[J].Patient Prefer Adherence,2013,7:1147-1156.

[13] 瞿金涛,汪玫,郁胜强.1998~2007年国内腹膜透析及血液透析领域文献回顾与分析[J].中国全科医学,2010, 13(8):1953-1955.

(收稿日期:2014-06-06 本文编辑:李亚聪)endprint

[参考文献]

[1] 张训.慢性肾脏病继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的新认识[J].中国中西医结合肾病杂志,2010,11(4):283-285.

[2] Zhang L,Wang F,Wang L,et al.Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China:a cross-sectional survey[J].Lancet,2012,379(9818):815-822.

[3] Palmer SC,Hayen A,Macaskill P,et al.Serum levels of phosphorus,parathyroid hormone,and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JAMA,2011,305(11):1119-1127.

[4] Hruska KA,Saab G,Mathew S,et al.Renal osteodystrophy,phosphate homeostasis,and vascular calcification[J].Semin Dial,2007,20(4):309-315.

[5] Cozzolion M,Gallieni M,Brancaccio D,et al.Vitamin D retains an important role in the pathogenesis and management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure[J].J Nephrol,2006,19(5):566-577.

[6] Cunningham J,Locatelli F,Rodriguez M,et al.Secondary hyperparathyroidism:pathogenesis,disease progression,and therapeutic options[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,6(4):913-921.

[7] 王海燕,王梅.慢性肾脏病及透析的临床指南[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:141-153.

[8] Francis RM,Boyle IT,Moniz C,et al.A comparison of the effects of alfacalcidol treatment and vitamin D2 supplementation on calcium absorption in elderly women with vertebral fractures[J].Osteoporos Int,1996,6(4):284-290.

[9] Uribarri J.Doqi guidelines for nutrition in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients:a dissenting view[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2001,37(6):1313-1318.

[10] Badve SV,Zimmerman DL,Knoll GA,et al.Peritoneal phosphate clearance is influenced by peritoneal dialysis modality,independent of peritoneal transport characteristics[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1711-1717.

[11] Tonelli M,Pannu N,Manns B,et al.Oral phosphate binders in patients with kidney failure[J].N Engl J Med,2010,363(10):1312-1324.

[12] Lloret MJ,Ruiz-García C,Dasilva I,et al.Lanthanum carbonate for the control of hyperphosphatemia in chronic renal failure patients:a new oral powder formulation-safety,efficacy,and patient adherence[J].Patient Prefer Adherence,2013,7:1147-1156.

[13] 瞿金涛,汪玫,郁胜强.1998~2007年国内腹膜透析及血液透析领域文献回顾与分析[J].中国全科医学,2010, 13(8):1953-1955.

(收稿日期:2014-06-06 本文编辑:李亚聪)endprint

[参考文献]

[1] 张训.慢性肾脏病继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的新认识[J].中国中西医结合肾病杂志,2010,11(4):283-285.

[2] Zhang L,Wang F,Wang L,et al.Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China:a cross-sectional survey[J].Lancet,2012,379(9818):815-822.

[3] Palmer SC,Hayen A,Macaskill P,et al.Serum levels of phosphorus,parathyroid hormone,and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JAMA,2011,305(11):1119-1127.

[4] Hruska KA,Saab G,Mathew S,et al.Renal osteodystrophy,phosphate homeostasis,and vascular calcification[J].Semin Dial,2007,20(4):309-315.

[5] Cozzolion M,Gallieni M,Brancaccio D,et al.Vitamin D retains an important role in the pathogenesis and management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure[J].J Nephrol,2006,19(5):566-577.

[6] Cunningham J,Locatelli F,Rodriguez M,et al.Secondary hyperparathyroidism:pathogenesis,disease progression,and therapeutic options[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,6(4):913-921.

[7] 王海燕,王梅.慢性肾脏病及透析的临床指南[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:141-153.

[8] Francis RM,Boyle IT,Moniz C,et al.A comparison of the effects of alfacalcidol treatment and vitamin D2 supplementation on calcium absorption in elderly women with vertebral fractures[J].Osteoporos Int,1996,6(4):284-290.

[9] Uribarri J.Doqi guidelines for nutrition in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients:a dissenting view[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2001,37(6):1313-1318.

[10] Badve SV,Zimmerman DL,Knoll GA,et al.Peritoneal phosphate clearance is influenced by peritoneal dialysis modality,independent of peritoneal transport characteristics[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1711-1717.

[11] Tonelli M,Pannu N,Manns B,et al.Oral phosphate binders in patients with kidney failure[J].N Engl J Med,2010,363(10):1312-1324.

[12] Lloret MJ,Ruiz-García C,Dasilva I,et al.Lanthanum carbonate for the control of hyperphosphatemia in chronic renal failure patients:a new oral powder formulation-safety,efficacy,and patient adherence[J].Patient Prefer Adherence,2013,7:1147-1156.

[13] 瞿金涛,汪玫,郁胜强.1998~2007年国内腹膜透析及血液透析领域文献回顾与分析[J].中国全科医学,2010, 13(8):1953-1955.

(收稿日期:2014-06-06 本文编辑:李亚聪)endprint