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降低信息共享风险的价格补偿模式研究

2014-09-25李亮卢捷琦季建华

软科学 2014年7期
关键词:信息共享供应链管理信任

李亮+卢捷琦+季建华

摘要:供应链成员间的信息共享对其决策至关重要。在下订单前,为了能让供应商设置足够的产能,制造商向供应商汇报其预估的需求,由于与供应商对需求的判断有差异,这会导致供应商对制造商产生潜在的不信任。对这种不信任建模,将其看作是一个概率随机变量,通过价格补偿的方式来降低风险。两阶段的博弈方法首先谈定补偿价格,然后再对汇报需求和产能做决策。该分析和数值算例验证了决策过程,也表明了模型的有效性。

关键词:供应链管理;信息共享;价格补偿;信任

中图分类号:F272.35文献标识码:A文章编号:1001-8409(2014)07-0105-05

Price Compensation for Mitigating Demand

Information Sharing Induced Distrust in Supply Chain

LI Liang1, LU Jyechyi2, JI Jianhua1

( 1. SinoUS Global Logistics Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200052

2. School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA 30332)

Abstract: Demand information sharing between supply chain members affects supply chain contract decisions. This paper manufacture reports demand to suppliers before placing orders, but the gap between manufactures report and suppliers forecast demands will induce potential distrust from supplier to manufacture (for trying to gain suppliers capacity/quota). It models the distrust risk as a probability random variable, and mitigate the risk with price compensation. The twostage gametheory based decisions first negotiate compensation price and then decide order/supply quantity. Analytical analyses and numerical examples provide managerial insights and illustrate the efficiency of the decisions.

Key words: supply chain management; information sharing; price compensation; trust

1研究概要

自从20世纪90年代供应链管理成为新的研究热点,其中之一便是通过有效的信息共享来优化供应商、制造商的决策[1],伴随着全球化和信息化的发展,封闭的单一企业是无法在复杂的竞争环境下求得生存和发展的,市场的竞争已经从企业间竞争转向供应链的竞争[2]。通过信息共享,可以使供应链各成员提高供应商的运作效率和控制牛鞭效应[3],优化整条供应链的绩效水平[4]。

但是,单纯依赖供应链成员间的信息共享是不可靠甚至是危险的。供应链成员并不总是希望和合作伙伴分享信息,尤其是关乎自身利益最大化的信息[5]。近年来的研究也发现供应链成员倾向于背离最优化决策[6]。思科公司因为过分依赖客户需求的预测,导致21亿美元的过量库存[7]。考虑到以上问题,很多学者通过各种方式来提高信息共享的积极性。陈长彬等[8]以供货价格和交货提前期对供应链契约进行设计,促进信息共享的积极性。但单纯的契约并不能覆盖所有信息共享的细节,研究人员发现信任这种方式也在影响着其中的决策。Uzzi发现在服装产业的纵向实证研究中,多次交易与投资、友谊及其他非利益的因素有关[9]。Anderson和Coughlan也发现有很多证据表明非利益的因素在商业活动中不乏成功案例[10]。因此本文研究加入信任作为考量的因素之一。

本文的创新之一就是引入了信任随机变量,心理学中信任的定义为“信任是一方认为另一方对于己方弱点仍有善意的行为或目的的心理活动”[11]。本文对于信任的定义为:“信任是在商业领域的合作中,是供应链其中一方对另一方信息共享的依赖程度”。把信任看作连续型随机变量,取值在[0,1],涵盖从完全不信任到完全信任的各种情况。另外一个创新之处是引入价格补偿的机制。设定价格补偿,可以有效地促进成员间信息共享的可靠性。在实际的商业活动中这是常用的方法,因此该机制可以更准确地探讨决策问题。

2研究背景

信息共享一直以来是学术界的研究热点,因为共享的结果直接影响供应链成员的决策效果。但制造商和供应商本身都是不同的经济实体,完全的信息共享难以实现,制造商通过向供应商汇报经过“修饰”的需求信息,而供应商也了解这一点,通过各种方式来降低风险。常用的方法诸如通过协调成本信息、供应信息、产能信息、需求信息来促进信息共享和风险共担[12~15],或者通过押金、保险金、期权等方式降低风险[16~18]。

信任的研究在目前的文献中主要以实证的方式。叶飞等[19]研究表明信息共享以关系资本中的信任与关系承诺等维度为中间变量间接地作用于企业经营实效;Ozer首先尝试将信任看作常数,构建到信息共享模型中并讨论其作用[20]。Neda等通过构建一个多期间的模型来讨论供应链中的信任和其他社会属性在供应链中的作用[21]。这些研究都是把信任定义为常数,但信任作为一种行为,不同人评价不同。因此本文将信任看作是随机变量,更准确地反映信任的作用。Laeequddin等人曾对信任做过统计[22],得到了信任的分布函数。本文则借鉴这个结果设定信任的分布。

随机变量信任与初始信任和信息判断的差异有关。制造商的历史信誉决定着供应商的初始信任[21];Resnick等人讨论了历史评价系统,该系统在eBay、Amazon等平台上执行并获得成功[23]。Au和Looi分析供应商考虑自身和对方汇报信息的判断差距来更新自己对制造商的信任初值[24]。成员间彼此共享相关信息时,对于信息判断的差异会产生不信任[25]。在得知制造商的汇报需求时,就会重新调整信任度及对真实需求的判断。这也是本文信任建模中考虑的另一个因素。

价格补偿在信息共享的研究中较少使用,Eppen等在数量弹性契约的基础上建立了补偿协议模型,研究表明补偿协议可以提高供应商和零售商的期望收益[26]。Cachon讨论了供应商价格的作用及几种限制情况[27]。马钧等人讨论了在e化供应链协同管理系统中对供应链成员进行价格补偿[28]。本文中用到的参数及意义如表1所示。表1文中参数及意义

制造商的参数供应商的参数M :制造商的期望利润

P:制造商的出售价格

TM: 制造商针对供应商对其信任值的判断

DMs:制造商对真实需求的判断,是制造商的私有信息,有DM=dM+ε,dm 是DMs的期望值

gM(x) :DM的概率密度函数

GM(x):DM的分布函数

DMS :制造商向供应商汇报的需求,有DMS=dMS+ε,dMS是DMS的期望值

Pr(TM<sF):制造商对供应商对其信任估计小于阀值F的概率S :供应商的期望利润

W:供应商的出售价格(即制造商的采购价格)

W′:供应商向制造商提出的补偿价格;ΔW=W′-W:补偿价格和最初价格的差额

C: 供应商的成本价

Q: 供应商根据判断设置的产能

CQ:供应商设置产能Q的单位成本

Ts:供应商对制造商的信任值

DS:制造商对真实需求的判断,是供应商的私有信息,有DS=dS+ε,dS是DS的期望值

gS(x):DS的概率密度函数

GS(x):DS的分布函数

D′S:供应商根据自身对制造商的信任TS,结合DMS更新的需求

F:供应商对于制造商信任的阀值,低于这个值需要制造商提供价格补偿

Pr(TS<F):供应商对制造商信任小于阀值F的概率3信任和价格补偿的设置

3.1信任建模

信息共享是现代商业活动中的重要环节。稳定的供应链体系建立在双方彼此信任的基础上。由于市场需求的不确定性,往往会影响共享的可靠性。本文将供应商对于制造商的信任TS看作随机变量,与历史的信誉记录和信息判断差距有关。

TS~f(t|T0,ΔS)t∈[0,1]

根据信任的定义,TS与T0和ΔS有关。其中T0是制造商的信誉,也就是信任的历史记录。这部分的信息基于历史交易和第三方评价;ΔS是判断差异率,即制造商汇报的需求判断DMS与供应商自身对于需求的判断DS的差异率。为了获得利益最大化,制造商汇报的需求DMS是随机变量,供应商自身的判断DS也是随机变量。另外假设ε都一样,描述的都是需求的不确定性,概率分布函数是Γ(ε),密度函数为τ(ε)。ΔS与dS和dMS的关系如下:

ΔS=|dMS-dS|dS×100%

制造商对于市场需求的真实判断为DM,dS是供应商的私有信息,制造商对dS有一个估计值d∧S,因此制造商对于供应商对其的信任,计算结果为TM,且TM~f(t|T0,ΔM)t∈[0,1],其中:

ΔM=|dMS-d∧S|d∧S×100%

由于ΔS的差异,供应商的判断也随之发生变化,Ozer认为更新的需求在DMS和DS之间按照TS成线性分布[20],借鉴这个结论,供应商更新后的需求判断为:

D′S=TSDMS+(1-TS)DS=TS(dMS+ε)+(1-TS)(dS+ε)=TSdMS+(1-TS)dS+ε

根据Josang的研究表明[29],beta分布函数,结合了历史信誉和反馈,即B(α,β),其中α是历史信誉参数,β是双方判断无差异时的初始信任参数,该分布适用于信任问题。假设信任服从分布函数,γ表示判断差异导致的信任差异率,则信任有TS~f(t|T0,ΔS)=B(α,β+γΔS)。同理,制造商对其的计算信任为TM~f(t|T0,ΔM)=B(α,β+γΔM)。

3.2价格补偿机制的设置

供应链成员设定补偿价格W′,制造商为了避免补偿,在汇报DMS时会考虑价格补偿的因素,供应商根据DMS,结合D′S和TS,设定产能Q。

4价格补偿机制下的两阶段博弈效用模型

4.1制造商和供应商的效用模型

供应商和制造商的决策过程是两阶段斯坦伯格博弈模型。首先供应商和制造商谈定单位数量的价格补偿ΔW=W′-W,制造商根据DM,以及TM设定DMS,供应商根据DMS及DS,更新D′S并设定产能Q*。双方的效用模型为:

M=E[(P-W)×min(DM,Q)]-(W′-W)QPr(TM

S=E[(W-C)×min(D′S,Q)-CQQ]+(W′-W)QPr(TS

4.2命题1: 当dS=dMS时,供应商要求的补偿金额不低于制造商估计的补偿金额

当制造商汇报dMS,有 TS~f(t|T0,ΔS)=B(α,β+γ|dMS-dS|dS×100%)和TM~f(t|T0,ΔM)=B(α,β+γ|dM-d∧S|dS^×100%)。当ΔS=0时,TS~f(t|T0,ΔS)=B(α,β)。根据信任函数的性质,此时TS为最大值。即在α,β均为已知的情况下,有ETM≤ETS。

此时供应商认为应设置的单位补偿价格为ΔWPr(TS

ΔWQ*Pr(TM

4.3命题2: 价格补偿机制的调节作用

价格补偿机制可以对制造商和供应商的期望利润产生变化,从而实现制造商和供应商的博弈均衡。若没有价格补偿机制,则双方的效用函数为:

M=E[(P-W)×min(DM,Q)])

S=E[(W-C)×min(D′S,Q)-CQQ]

根据Ozer [20]的研究表明,当制造商汇报DMS需求给供应商时,供应商的最佳产能设置为:

Q*(DMS)=argmax{E[(W-C)×min(D′S,Q)-CQQ]}=dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)

将Q*式代入制造商的效用函数,考虑Q*

M(Q*(DMS))=E[(P-W)×min(DM,Q*(DMS))

=(P-W)*{∫dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)0xgM(x)dx+∫∞dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)(dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W))gM(x)dx}

对dMS求导,有:

dM(Q*(DMS))]dMS=[P-W]×{[dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)]×g[dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)]+∫∞dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)gM(x)dx+(dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W))×(-g[dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)]}=[P-W]*∫∞dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)gM(x)dx

分析上式,有:

d[M(Q*(DMS))]dMS>0

因而得出制造商汇报的是其利润的增函数,制造商有动机为提高其利润而虚报,双方不存在博弈均衡。

4.4命题3:一般情况下,模型存在使双方利润最大化的博弈均衡点

考虑一般情况,供应商对制造商不足够信任时,双方通过价格补偿机制来约束。下面首先从供应商的利润开始研究。

(1)供应商的利润函数

S=E[(W-C)×min(D′S,Q)-CQQ]+(W′-W)QPr(TS

其中D′S=TSDMS+(1-TS)DS

改写供应商利润函数:

S(Q)=(W-C)×[∫Q0xg′S(x)dx+∫∞QQg′S(x)dx]-CQQ+(W′-W)QPr[TS≤F]

在供应商设置Q时,W′和DMS均为已知数。

S对Q一阶导为:

(S)′Q=(W-C)×[Qg′S(Q)+(1-G′S(Q))+Q(-g′S(Q))]-CQ+(W′-W)Pr[TS≤F]

=(W-C)×(1-G′S(Q))-CQ+(W′-W)Pr[TS≤F]

S对Q二阶导为:

(S)″Q=(W-C)×(-g′S(Q))

一般情况W-C>0,且g′S(Q)>0,因为S对Q二阶导为负。求Q的极值只需S对Q一阶导为零即可。即:

(S)′Q=(W-C)×[Qg′S(Q)+(1-G′S(Q))+Q(-g′S(Q))]-CQ+(W′-W)Pr[TS≤F]

=(W-C)×(1-G′S(Q))-CQ+(W′-W)Pr[TS≤F]=0

解之:

Q*=G′-1S(W-C-CQ+(W′-W)Pr[TS≤F]W-C)

(2)制造商的利润函数

当供应商设置产能Q*后,制造商的利润函数变为:

M=E[(P-W)×min(DM,Q*)]-(W′-W)Q*Pr(TM

制造商的利润函数对DMS求一阶导和二阶导:

一阶导为:

d(M(DMS))dDMS={(P-W)×[∫Q*0xgM(x)dx+∫∞Q*Q**gM(x)dx]-(W′-W)Q*Pr[TM

=(P-W)×(1-GM(Q*))-(W′-W)Pr[TM

二阶导为:

dd(M(DMS))dD″MS=-(P-W)×gM(Q*)+(W′-W)Pr[TS

=-(P-W)×gM(Q*)-(W′-W)Q*Pr[TM

分析二阶导,其中-(P-W)×gM(Q*)<0;当dMS=d∧S时TM最大,Pr[TMd∧S时,dMS增加,则TM减少,Pr[TM0,因此-U*δQ*Pr[TM

综合上述推导,dd(M(DMS))dD″MS<0,M(DMS)是dMS的凹函数。那么dMS的最佳设置为:

d*MS={dMSd(M(DMS))dDMS=0}

(3)价格补偿的设置

接下来求解价格补偿的设置,价格补偿的设置需要满足以下条件:

S(W′=W′*)≥S(W′=W) & M(W′=W′*)≥0

当最优汇报需求d*MS和最优产能设置Q*给定,供应商对于制造商的信任T*s也同时给出,此时供应商的利润函数为:

S(Q*)=E[(W-C)×min(T*Sd*MS+(1-T*S)d*S+ε,Q*)-CQQ*]+(W′-W)Q*Pr[T*S

联立上述方程,则W′的设置应为:

W′*={W′|argmax{E[(W-C)×min(T*Sd*MS+(1-T*S)d*S+ε,Q*)-CQQ*]+(W′-W)Q*Pr[T*S

St.S(W′=W′*)≥S(W′=W) & M(W′=W′*)≥0

5数值研究

接下来通过一个数值研究,来帮助理解决策的制定过程。设定参数如下:

P=60,W=40,C=20,DM~N(85,20),DS~N(70,20),CQ=10,γ=10,α=3,β=1,F=01

代入各项参数的实际数值后,双方的效用模型变为:

M=20×Emin(85+ε,Q)-(W′-40)QPr[TM≤01]

S=20×Emin(TS×dMS+(1-TS)×70+ε,Q)-10Q]+(W′-40)QPr[TS≤01]

其中dMS、Q、W′为决策变量。根据命题1的结论,当dS=dMS时,供应商要求的补偿金额不低于制造商估计的补偿金额。因此对此效用函数作一些调整,用TS代替TM。

首先考虑供应商效用函数最大化,通过赋值随机产生100组数据代入到该效用模型中,用多项式线性拟合,可以得到S和dMS、Q、W′的关系如下:

S=001525d3MS-00096d2MSQ-00326d2MSW′-00123dMSW′2+00134dMSQW′-00074W′3+000134QW′2-1279d2MS-01354Q2+1959W′2+10344dMSQ-1129W′Q+50630dMSW′-5612dMS-681Q-24429W′+612071

为了求解S的极值,对Q求导,结果如下:

Q*=-00355d2MS+00495dMSW′+00049W′2+3820dMS-4171W′-25153

将Q*代入到制造商效用函数中,同时仿照求解S的方法,可以得到M和dMS、W′关系式,如下:

M=-27279+66964W′-0637d2MS+12134dMSW′-4298W′2-0001781d2MSW′-00001646dMSW′2+00005597W′3

求解制造商利润最大化,对dMS求导,可以得到dMS和W′的关系式:

d*MS=00001646W′2+12134W′1274+0003561W′

对于W′的取值,需满足:

W′*={W′argmax{E[(W-C)×min(T*Sd*MS+(1-T*S)d*S+ε,Q*)-CQQ*]+(W′-W)Q*Pr[T*S

StS(W′=W′*)≥S(W′=W) & M(W′=W′*)≥0

综合以上算式,制造商和供应商的博弈均衡点出现在下列决策值:

W′*=10302;d*MS=7725;Q*=7333

6结论

本文研究了基于随机变量信任和价格补偿机制下的信息共享问题,这个领域的研究很多,但引入信任因素的研究较少,且大多涉及到信任的信息共享研究都集中在实证研究领域中,本文尝试将信任看作随机变量,并假定随机变量信任服从beta分布。另外引入价格补偿机制,有效提高信息共享的积极性。通过研究发现,引入价格补偿可以提高供应链成员间的信息共享积极性。随机变量信任的引入也更符合实际的商业决策制定。

对于其他提高信息共享有效性的方法,比如保险金等,以及考虑不同操作方法的效用比较,会帮助我们更深入地了解商业决策的过程,而这些问题将会是下一步的研究方向。

参考文献:

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[18]He Xu. Managing Production and Procurement Through Option Contracts in Supply Chains with Random Yield[J]. International Journal of Production Economics ,2010,126(2): 306-313.

[19]叶飞,薛运普. 供应链伙伴间信息共享对运营绩效的间接作用机理研究—以关系资本为中间变量[J].中国管理科学,2011,19(6):112-125.

[20]zalp zer,Yanchong Zheng,Kay-Yut Chen. Trust in Forecast Information Sharing[J]. Management Science,2011,57(6):1111-1137.

[21]Neda Ebrahim-Khanjari,Wallace Hopp,Seyed M RIravani. Trust and Information Sharing in Supply Chains[J]. Production and Operations Management,2011,21(3):444-464.

[22]Laeequddin M,B SSahay,Vinita Sahay, K Abdul Waheed. Measuring Trust in Supply Chain Partners Relationships[J]. Measuring Business Excellence,2010,14(3):53-69.

[23]PResnick,KKuwabara,R Zeckhauser,et al. Reputation Systems[J].Communications of the ACM,2000,43(12):45-48.

[24]R Au,M Looi,P Ashley. Automated Cross-organisational Trust Establishment on Extranets[J].Australian Computer Science Communications,2001,23(6):3-11.

[25]Avinandan Mukherjee,Prithwiraj Nath. A Model ofTrust in Online Relationship Banking[J].International Journal of Bank Marketing,2003,21(1):5-15.

[26]Eppen G,Iyer A. Backup Agreements in Fashion Buying-the Value of Upstream Flexibility [J]. Management Science ,1997,43(11) : 1469-1484.

[27]Gérard PCachon. The Allocation of Inventory Risk in a Supply Chain: Push,Pull,and Advance-Purchase Discount Contracts[J]. Management Science,2004,50(2): 222-238.

[28]马钧,王宁. e化供应链协同管理系统框架[J]. 现代管理科学,2007,12: 83-86.

[29]Josang, RIsmail. The Beta Reputation System[A]. In Proceedings of the 15th Bled Electronic Conference[C].2002.

(责任编辑:秦颖)

[4]Dejonckheere J,Disney S M,Lambrecht M R. The Impact of Information Enrichment on the Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chain: A Control Engineering Perspective[ J] . European Journal of Operational Research,2004,8(153) : 727-750.

[5]Weixin Shang,Albert Y Ha,Shilu Tong.s Information Sharing in a Supply Chain with a Common Retailer[N]. Working paper.

[6]Bendoly E,KDonohue, KLSchultz. Behavior in Operations Management: Assessing Recent Findings and Revisiting Old Dssumptions[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2006,24(6):737-752.

[7]Files J. Economic Downturn Leaves Cisco with Stacks of Excess Inventory[A]. San Jose Mercury News (April 27) 1C,2001.

[8]陈长彬,杨忠. 需求信息共享激励与供应链契约设计[J]. 系统管理学报,2008,17(6):639-647.

[9]Brian Uzzi. The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect. American Sociological Review,1996,61(4):674-698.

[10]Channel Management: Structure,Governance,and Relationship Management[M]. In B. A. Weitz and R. Wensley (Eds.),Handbook of Marketing. Thousand Oaks,California: Sage Publications.

[11]Rousseau D,SSitkin,RBurt,et al. Not so Different After all: A Cross-discipline View of Trust[J]. Acad. Management Rev,1998,23(3): 393-404.

[12]L Li. Optimal Operating Policies for Multiplant Stochastic Manufacturing Systems in a Changing Environment[J]. Management Science,2001,47(11): 1539-1551.

[13]Brian Tomlin. On the Value of Mitigation and Contingency Strategies for Managing Supply Chain Disruption Risks[J]. Management Science,2006,52(5): 639-657.

[14]Anna Nagurney,Matsypura Dmytro. Global Supply Chain Network Dynamics with Multicriteria Decision-making Under Risk and Uncertainty[J]. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,2005,41(6):585-612.

[15]Sezer ülkü L. Beril Toktay,Enver Yücesan. Risk Ownership in Contract Manufacturing[J].MSOM Summer,2007,9(3)225-241.

[16]Margaret Walls. Deposit-Refund Systems in Practice and Theory[A]. Resources for the Future Washington DC[C].2011. 11-47.

[17]Tom Baker,Jonathan Simon. Embracing Risk: The Changing Culture of Insurance and Responsibility [M].University of Chicago Press: Paddyfield Chopin,2002.

[18]He Xu. Managing Production and Procurement Through Option Contracts in Supply Chains with Random Yield[J]. International Journal of Production Economics ,2010,126(2): 306-313.

[19]叶飞,薛运普. 供应链伙伴间信息共享对运营绩效的间接作用机理研究—以关系资本为中间变量[J].中国管理科学,2011,19(6):112-125.

[20]zalp zer,Yanchong Zheng,Kay-Yut Chen. Trust in Forecast Information Sharing[J]. Management Science,2011,57(6):1111-1137.

[21]Neda Ebrahim-Khanjari,Wallace Hopp,Seyed M RIravani. Trust and Information Sharing in Supply Chains[J]. Production and Operations Management,2011,21(3):444-464.

[22]Laeequddin M,B SSahay,Vinita Sahay, K Abdul Waheed. Measuring Trust in Supply Chain Partners Relationships[J]. Measuring Business Excellence,2010,14(3):53-69.

[23]PResnick,KKuwabara,R Zeckhauser,et al. Reputation Systems[J].Communications of the ACM,2000,43(12):45-48.

[24]R Au,M Looi,P Ashley. Automated Cross-organisational Trust Establishment on Extranets[J].Australian Computer Science Communications,2001,23(6):3-11.

[25]Avinandan Mukherjee,Prithwiraj Nath. A Model ofTrust in Online Relationship Banking[J].International Journal of Bank Marketing,2003,21(1):5-15.

[26]Eppen G,Iyer A. Backup Agreements in Fashion Buying-the Value of Upstream Flexibility [J]. Management Science ,1997,43(11) : 1469-1484.

[27]Gérard PCachon. The Allocation of Inventory Risk in a Supply Chain: Push,Pull,and Advance-Purchase Discount Contracts[J]. Management Science,2004,50(2): 222-238.

[28]马钧,王宁. e化供应链协同管理系统框架[J]. 现代管理科学,2007,12: 83-86.

[29]Josang, RIsmail. The Beta Reputation System[A]. In Proceedings of the 15th Bled Electronic Conference[C].2002.

(责任编辑:秦颖)

[4]Dejonckheere J,Disney S M,Lambrecht M R. The Impact of Information Enrichment on the Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chain: A Control Engineering Perspective[ J] . European Journal of Operational Research,2004,8(153) : 727-750.

[5]Weixin Shang,Albert Y Ha,Shilu Tong.s Information Sharing in a Supply Chain with a Common Retailer[N]. Working paper.

[6]Bendoly E,KDonohue, KLSchultz. Behavior in Operations Management: Assessing Recent Findings and Revisiting Old Dssumptions[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2006,24(6):737-752.

[7]Files J. Economic Downturn Leaves Cisco with Stacks of Excess Inventory[A]. San Jose Mercury News (April 27) 1C,2001.

[8]陈长彬,杨忠. 需求信息共享激励与供应链契约设计[J]. 系统管理学报,2008,17(6):639-647.

[9]Brian Uzzi. The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect. American Sociological Review,1996,61(4):674-698.

[10]Channel Management: Structure,Governance,and Relationship Management[M]. In B. A. Weitz and R. Wensley (Eds.),Handbook of Marketing. Thousand Oaks,California: Sage Publications.

[11]Rousseau D,SSitkin,RBurt,et al. Not so Different After all: A Cross-discipline View of Trust[J]. Acad. Management Rev,1998,23(3): 393-404.

[12]L Li. Optimal Operating Policies for Multiplant Stochastic Manufacturing Systems in a Changing Environment[J]. Management Science,2001,47(11): 1539-1551.

[13]Brian Tomlin. On the Value of Mitigation and Contingency Strategies for Managing Supply Chain Disruption Risks[J]. Management Science,2006,52(5): 639-657.

[14]Anna Nagurney,Matsypura Dmytro. Global Supply Chain Network Dynamics with Multicriteria Decision-making Under Risk and Uncertainty[J]. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,2005,41(6):585-612.

[15]Sezer ülkü L. Beril Toktay,Enver Yücesan. Risk Ownership in Contract Manufacturing[J].MSOM Summer,2007,9(3)225-241.

[16]Margaret Walls. Deposit-Refund Systems in Practice and Theory[A]. Resources for the Future Washington DC[C].2011. 11-47.

[17]Tom Baker,Jonathan Simon. Embracing Risk: The Changing Culture of Insurance and Responsibility [M].University of Chicago Press: Paddyfield Chopin,2002.

[18]He Xu. Managing Production and Procurement Through Option Contracts in Supply Chains with Random Yield[J]. International Journal of Production Economics ,2010,126(2): 306-313.

[19]叶飞,薛运普. 供应链伙伴间信息共享对运营绩效的间接作用机理研究—以关系资本为中间变量[J].中国管理科学,2011,19(6):112-125.

[20]zalp zer,Yanchong Zheng,Kay-Yut Chen. Trust in Forecast Information Sharing[J]. Management Science,2011,57(6):1111-1137.

[21]Neda Ebrahim-Khanjari,Wallace Hopp,Seyed M RIravani. Trust and Information Sharing in Supply Chains[J]. Production and Operations Management,2011,21(3):444-464.

[22]Laeequddin M,B SSahay,Vinita Sahay, K Abdul Waheed. Measuring Trust in Supply Chain Partners Relationships[J]. Measuring Business Excellence,2010,14(3):53-69.

[23]PResnick,KKuwabara,R Zeckhauser,et al. Reputation Systems[J].Communications of the ACM,2000,43(12):45-48.

[24]R Au,M Looi,P Ashley. Automated Cross-organisational Trust Establishment on Extranets[J].Australian Computer Science Communications,2001,23(6):3-11.

[25]Avinandan Mukherjee,Prithwiraj Nath. A Model ofTrust in Online Relationship Banking[J].International Journal of Bank Marketing,2003,21(1):5-15.

[26]Eppen G,Iyer A. Backup Agreements in Fashion Buying-the Value of Upstream Flexibility [J]. Management Science ,1997,43(11) : 1469-1484.

[27]Gérard PCachon. The Allocation of Inventory Risk in a Supply Chain: Push,Pull,and Advance-Purchase Discount Contracts[J]. Management Science,2004,50(2): 222-238.

[28]马钧,王宁. e化供应链协同管理系统框架[J]. 现代管理科学,2007,12: 83-86.

[29]Josang, RIsmail. The Beta Reputation System[A]. In Proceedings of the 15th Bled Electronic Conference[C].2002.

(责任编辑:秦颖)

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