Caveolin-1促进糖尿病大鼠缺血下肢血管形成的作用及机制Caveolin-1促进糖尿病大鼠缺血下肢血管形成的作用及机制
2014-09-12熊国祚刘辉李天平
熊国祚+++++刘辉++++李天平+++++颜亚平+++++申昕++++戴先鹏+++++邓礼明++++毕国善++++++胡兵兵
[摘要] 目的 探讨Caveolin-1对下肢缺血糖尿病大鼠缺血部位血管形成的作用及与AKT信号通路的关系。 方法 健康、雄性SD大鼠,在腹腔注射链脲菌素构建的1型糖尿病大鼠模型上离断左侧股动脉及其分支,建立急性下肢缺血动物模型,14 d后用Western blot检测Caveolin-1、AKT的表达水平;28 d后进行CD34免疫组织化学染色和HE染色,评价血管密度。 结果 缺血组和糖尿病组与假手术组相比,Caveolin-1蛋白的表达水平明显增加(P<0.05);且缺血组Caveolin-1蛋白含量显著高于糖尿病组(P<0.05)。缺血组、缺血转染组、缺血空转染组的Caveolin-1蛋白、AKT水平均明显高于假手术组(P<0.05);缺血转染组与缺血组相比,Caveolin-1蛋白、AKT的表达水平明显增多(P<0.05)。与假手术组相比,缺血组、缺血转染组和缺血空转染组的微血管均有一定程度增加,其中缺血转染组的微血管密度增加尤为显著(P<0.05)。 结论 Caveolin-1过表达后对糖尿病大鼠下肢缺血部位的血管形成有明显的促进作用,可能与激活AKT有关。
[关键词] Caveolin-1;糖尿病;下肢缺血
[中图分类号] R587.1[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)06(c)-0004-05
The effects and mechanism of Caveolin-1 on limb ischemia region of diabetic rat
XIONG Guo-zuo1 LIU Hui2 LI Tian-ping3 YAN Ya-ping1 SHEN Xin1 DAI Xian-peng1 DENG Li-ming1 BI Guo-shan1 HU Bing-bing1
1.Department of Vascular Surgery,the Second Affiliated Hospital.University of South China,Hengyang 421001,China;2.Central Hospital of Yiyang City in Hunan Province,Yiyang 413000,China;3.The Institute ofPharmacy & Pharmacology,University of South China,Hengyang 421001,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the function of Caveolin-1 on angiogenesis in lower limb ischemia region of diabetic rat and the relationship with AKT signal pathway. Methods Intraperitoneal injection of healthy,male,SD rats with streptozocin to construct type 1 diabetic rat model,then broken the left femoral artery to set up the acute lower limb ischemia animal model.After 14 days with Western blot detection Caveolin-1 and AKT expression.CD34 immunohistochemical staining and HE staining was applied to detect the vascular density in 28 days. Results The level of Caveolin-1 in diabetes group and ischemia group was obviously higher than that in sham group respectively,the level of Caveolin-1 in ischemia group was higher than that in diabetes group,with statistical difference(P<0.05).The level of Caveolin-1 and AKT in ischemia group,ischemic transfection group,ischemic idling transfected group was obviously higher than that in sham group respectively,the level of Caveolin-1 and AKT in ischemic transfection group was obviously higher than that in ischemia group respectively,with statistical difference(P<0.05).Compared with the sham operation group,microvascular had a certain degree increased in ischemia group,ischemia transfection group and ischemic idling transfected group,the microvessel density in the ischemic transfection group increased significantly(P<0.05). Conclusion The higher expression of Caveolin-1 in diabetic lower limb ischemia in rats has obvious promoting effect to its angiogenesis,this effect may be related to activation of AKT.
[Key words] Caveolin-1;Diabetes;Lower limb ischemia
糖尿病已成为严重危害人类健康的慢性疾病,发病率继肿瘤、心脑血管病之后居第三位。下肢血管病变是糖尿病的主要并发症之一,如何重建动脉血流、恢复缺血区域血液供应是治疗糖尿病下肢血管病变的重点,也是临床医生关注的焦点[1]。作为小凹蛋白家族中最重要的成员,Caveolin-1是一种半跨膜的信号转导蛋白,其很可能在糖尿病下肢缺血性疾病中起重要作用[2-3]。Caveolin-1可以通过激活蛋白激酶信号通路来促进血管新生,改善局部缺血情况[4-5]。本研究主要探讨Caveolin-1对糖尿病下肢血管病变大鼠的缺血恢复情况的影响。
1 材料与方法
1.1 实验材料
1.1.1 实验动物70只SD雄性大鼠,鼠龄10~12周,体重(300±20) g,由本校动物实验部提供。
1.1.2 实验仪器Bio-Rad的蛋白电泳仪及转膜仪(PowerPacTMBasic,美国);Eppendorf的高速离心机(5804型、5804R型,德国);天能的全自动化学发光成像系统(Tanon-6200,上海);Olympus的显微镜与型显微摄像系统(BX51,日本);Sartorius的电子天平(BSA223S,美国);海门其林贝尔的脱色摇床(ZD-9550,中国);Sanyo的-80℃冰箱(日本)。
1.1.3 实验试剂pCDNA3.1(+)Caveolin-1(南华大学药物药理研究所赠);Mouse anti-β-actin (BM0627,武汉博士得,中国);Rabbit polyclonal to Caveolin-1(081030,华安,中国);Goat Anti Rabbit IgG(H+L)(sc-2004,Santa Cruz,美国);兔抗大鼠CD34单克隆抗体(C2386-12A,USBIO,美国);兔抗大鼠多克隆抗体AKT(9271L,CST,美国);DAB显色试剂盒(长沙艾杰,中国);枸橼酸(天津大茂,中国);SP-9000 HistonstainTM-Plus Kits免疫组化试剂盒(北京中杉金桥,中国);青霉素(山东鲁抗,中国);枸橼酸三钠(天津大茂,中国);链脲菌素(STZ,Sigma,美国)。
1.2 实验方法
1.2.1 1型糖尿病大鼠模型的建立按照文献[6]准备枸橼酸缓冲液,然后取健康雄性SD大鼠,禁食12 h后,以50 mg/kg STZ的剂量,腹腔注射(STZ用0.1 mol/L新鲜配制枸橼酸缓冲液稀释配置)。3 d后检测所有大鼠的空腹血糖,采用鼠尾采血的方法,连续14 d空腹血糖浓度>16.8 mmol/L,作为1型糖尿病大鼠模型。
1.2.2 急性下肢缺血动物模型的建立实验分为两部分:①正常大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血组、糖尿病组;②将1型糖尿病大鼠(前面实验所建立)随机分为假手术组、缺血组、缺血Caveolin-1转染组(简称缺血转染组)、缺血空转染组,每组10只,术前均禁食12 h,用10%水合氯醛(3 ml/kg)进行麻醉,然后在大鼠的左侧腹股沟韧带致膝关节间作一纵行切口,分离股动脉,各组均于近心端结扎股动脉(假手术除外),并离断下端及其分支,腹腔注射青霉素[200 000 U/(d·kg)],持续3 d(图1)。
图1 股动脉离断并结扎手术
A.切开皮肤与皮下组织;B.暴露股动脉;C.离断股动脉分支并结扎;D.离断股动脉并结扎
1.2.3 Caveolin-1质粒转染方法及鉴定取两份相同体积无血清培养基,将提取好的质粒和lipofectamineTM2000(Invitrogen,美国)分别稀释于其中(质量比为1∶3),在室温中静置4 min后将两者混合均匀,并静置20 min。当转染组血糖稳定14 d后,通过尾静脉注入配好的转染试剂;空转染组注射同等剂量不含Caveolin-1质粒的脂质体溶液。14 d后处死一半大鼠并收集腓肠肌肉组织用于Western blot检测各组Caveolin-1的表达,观察其转染情况。
1.2.4 Western blot检测腓肠肌肉组织中Caveolin-1和AKT的表达取-80℃冻存的腓肠肌肌肉组织,提取组织总蛋白,并用BCA法测蛋白浓度;然后将总蛋白样品40 μg与10 μl上样缓冲液混匀后,于100℃沸水中煮10 min使蛋白变性,于-20℃保存备用。电泳分离:用10%聚丙烯凝胶分离蛋白,浓缩电压为70 V,时间约为30 min,分离电压为120 V,时间约为60 min;转膜:350 mA,3 h;5%的脱脂奶粉中37℃封闭1 h;TBST液冲洗15 min×3次后;加入1∶500比例稀释的一抗,4℃孵育过夜;TBST液冲洗15 min×3次后;加入1∶1000比例稀释的二抗,37℃恒温孵育45 min,再用TBST洗膜15 min×4次;显影。
1.2.5 腓肠肌肌肉组织的病理检测术后第28天处死各组余下的大鼠,取左侧腓肠肌肌肉标本,并剥离周围的肌腱和脂肪组织,进行HE染色和CD34蛋白免疫组化[7]实验。所得切片用显微镜摄像,得到不同倍数的照片(40、100、200)。
1.3 统计学处理
采用SPSS 16.0软件对数据进行统计分析,计量资料以x±s表示,采用单因素方差分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 3组Western blot检测Caveolin-1表达的比较
正常大鼠的缺血组和糖尿病组与假手术组相比,Caveolin-1蛋白的表达水平明显增加(P<0.05);且缺血组Caveolin-1蛋白含量显著高于糖尿病组(P<0.05)(图2)。
图2 3组Western blot检测Caveolin-1表达的比较(n=3)
与假手术组比较,*P<0.05
2.2 4组Western blot检测Caveolin-1表达及AKT表达的比较
缺血组、缺血转染组、缺血空转染组的Caveolin-1蛋白水平均明显高于假手术组(P<0.05);缺血转染组与缺血组相比,Caveolin-1蛋白的表达水平明显增多(P<0.05)(图3)。缺血组、缺血转染组、缺血空转染组的AKT表达水平均明显高于假手术组(P<0.05);缺血转染组的AKT表达较缺血组明显增多(P<0.05)(图4)。
图3 4组Western blot检测Caveolin-1表达的比较(n=4)
与假手术组比较,*P<0.05、**P<0.05;与缺血组比较,**P<0.05
图4 4组Western blot检测AKT表达的比较(n=4)
与假手术组比较,*P<0.05、**P<0.05;与缺血组比较,**P<0.05
2.3 腓肠肌肌肉组织HE染色观察微血管/肌纤维束的比值(微血管数/肌纤维束数)
术后28 d取各组余下小鼠的左侧腓肠肌肌肉组织进行HE染色,观察肌肉组织中微血管/肌纤维束比值(微血管数/肌纤维束数),与假手术组相比,缺血组、缺血转染组和缺血空转染组腓肠肌肌肉组织中的微血管/肌纤维束比值明显增大(P<0.05);缺血转染组的微血管/肌纤维束比值显著高于缺血组(P<0.05);缺血组与缺血空转染组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(图5、图6)。
图5 各组腓肠肌肌肉组织HE染色(100×)
A.假手术组;B.缺血组;C.缺血转染组;D.缺血空转染组
图6 HE染色检测各组肌肉组织中微血管/肌纤维束比值(n=4)
与假手术组比较,*P<0.05、**P<0.05;与缺血组比较,**P<0.05
2.4 CD34免疫组化染色检测腓肠肌肌肉组织中微血管密度(MVD)
S-P染色法检测各组腓肠肌肌肉组织中CD34的表达情况,缺血组、缺血转染组和缺血空转染组棕褐色颗粒增加,CD34的表达增多,与假手术组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);缺血转染组比缺血组增加明显(P<0.05);缺血组与缺血空转染组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(图7、图8)。
图7 CD34免疫组织化学染色观察腓肠肌肉组织内微血管情况(200×)
A.假手术组;B.缺血组;C.缺血转染组;D.缺血空转染组
3 讨论
目前世界各国糖尿病的患病率均呈急剧上升趋势,据报道,到2025年为止全世界糖尿病患者有望超过3亿[8],由糖尿病周围血管病变引发的糖尿病足溃疡与坏疽,是糖尿病患者致死、致残的重要原因之一[9-10],因此寻找新的治疗方法,提高患者生活质量和存活率已经迫在眉睫。Caveolin-1是形成小凹的主要蛋白成分,高表达于血管内皮细胞中,其在血管新生中的作用越来越受到人们的重视,但是Caveolin-1在血管形成中的具体功能仍存在较大争议,有文献报道,高糖引起糖尿病血管病变可能与其诱导血管内皮细胞上Caveolin-1的表达有关,在没有合并糖尿病的缺血组织中Caveolin-1具有明显的促血管生成作用[11-13],可见Caveolin-1在糖尿病患者血管病变过程中的具体作用存在很大争议,还有待进一步考究,推测在高血糖状况下只有Caveolin-1的表达水平达到一定程度才能促进缺血组织中的血管形成。
本实验通过建立糖尿病大鼠下肢急性缺血大鼠模型,在术后用Western blot检测各组腓肠肌肌肉组织中Caveolin-1的表达情况,结果显示,与假手术组相比,缺血组和糖尿病组Caveolin-1蛋白的表达水平显著增加,但糖尿病组Caveolin-1蛋白的表达水平升高没有缺血组明显,提示正常大鼠下肢缺血时腓肠肌肌肉组织能够通过上调Caveolin-1蛋白的表达水平来缓解缺血,但是糖尿病大鼠一旦出现同样的症状,其通过上调Caveolin-1来自我恢复的能力则明显下降,具体分子机制有待进一步讨论。本研究还通过在正常大鼠尾静脉注射转染Caveolin-1来观察其缺血部位的血管形成,HE染色和CD34免疫组织化学染色结果证实,高表达的Caveolin-1可促进缺血部位的血管形成。
AKT又称蛋白激酶B,是丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族成员,也是磷脂酰肌醇激酶(PI3K)的下游靶蛋白之一,可参与调节多种生命活动,与其直接磷酸化多种细胞因子密切相关[13]。众多研究证实,通过上调PI3K/AKT通路可使多种重要生长因子发挥促血管生成的生物学功能[6,14-18]。有文献报道,在表皮成纤维细胞中Caveolin-1能增强转录生长因子β诱导的PI3K-AKT信号通路,转染Caveolin-1腺病毒可以促进AKT磷酸化[4]。AKT活化后又可以激活下游的一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)等[19]。Matthews等[20]发现在IGF-1的诱导下,来源于Caveolin-1缺陷小鼠的胚胎成纤维细胞内AKT的磷酸化水平明显低于未缺陷小鼠,因此Caveolin-1可以通过调节AKT/NO的生成而介导血管形成,改善缺血部位的血液供应,那么高浓度的Caveolin-1在糖尿病下肢缺血肌肉组织的促血管生成作用是否也与激活AKT信号通路有关?本研究图3、图4所示,AKT的表达水平与Caveolin-1蛋白水平呈正比,可见Caveolin-1在糖尿病下肢缺血动物模型中对血管生成的促进作用可能与其激活AKT信号通路有关。
综上所述,Caveolin-1在糖尿病大鼠下肢缺血部位过表达时具有促进血管生成的作用,其机制可能与上调AKT蛋白表达有关,这为研究和治疗糖尿病下肢血管病变提供了新的思路和方法。
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(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文编辑:李亚聪)
[10]Pinzur MS,Slovenkai MP,Trepman E,et al.Guidelines for diabetic foot care:recommendations endorsed by the diabetes committee of the american orthopaedic foot and ankle society[J].Foot Ankle Int,2005,26(1):113-119.
[11]桂新春,刘宗汉,刘江华,等.葡萄糖对血管内皮细胞小凹蛋白1和血管内皮生长因子表达的影响[J].中国动脉硬化杂志,2004,12(1):38-42.
[12]Navarro A,Anand-Apte B,Parat MO.A role for caveolae in cell migration[J].FASEB J,2004,18(15):1801-1811.
[13]Sheng S,Qiao M,Pardee AB.Metastasis and AKT activation[J].J Cell Physiol,2009,21,8(3):451-454.
[14]Mehta VB,Besner GE.HB-EGF promotes angiogenesis in endothelial cells via PI3-kinase and MAPK signaling pathways[J].Growth Factors,2007,25(4):253-263.
[15]Bagli E,Stefaniotou M,Morbidelli L,et al.Luteolin inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis:inhibition of endothelial cell survival and proliferation by targeting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity[J].Cancer Res,2004,64(21):7936-7946.
[16]张珊珊,罗勇,武磊.PI3K/AKT通路在电针促进局灶脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑内血管再生中的作用[J].第三军医大学学报,2010,32(23):2488-2491.
[17]Gadau S,Emanueli C,Van Linthout S,et al.Benfotiamine accelerates the healing of ischaemic diabetic limbs in mice through protein kinase B/Akt-mediated potentiation of angiogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis[J].Diabetologia,2006,49(2):405-420.
[18]Papapetropoulos A,Gareia-Cardena G,Madri JA,et al.Nitric oxide produetion contributes to the angiogenic properties of vaseular endothelial growth feator in human endothelial cells[J].J Clin Invest,1997,100(12):3131-3139.
[19]Egom EE,Mohamed TM,Mamas MA,et al.Activation of Pak1/Akt/eNOS signaling following sphingosine-1-phosphate release as part of a mechanism protecting cardiomyocytes against ischemic cell injury[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2011,301(4):1487-1495.
[20]Matthews LC,Taggart MJ,Westwood M.Modulation of caveolin-1 expression can affect signalling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway and cellular proliferation in response to insulin-like growth factor 1[J].Endocinology,2008,149(10):5199-5208.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文编辑:李亚聪)
[10]Pinzur MS,Slovenkai MP,Trepman E,et al.Guidelines for diabetic foot care:recommendations endorsed by the diabetes committee of the american orthopaedic foot and ankle society[J].Foot Ankle Int,2005,26(1):113-119.
[11]桂新春,刘宗汉,刘江华,等.葡萄糖对血管内皮细胞小凹蛋白1和血管内皮生长因子表达的影响[J].中国动脉硬化杂志,2004,12(1):38-42.
[12]Navarro A,Anand-Apte B,Parat MO.A role for caveolae in cell migration[J].FASEB J,2004,18(15):1801-1811.
[13]Sheng S,Qiao M,Pardee AB.Metastasis and AKT activation[J].J Cell Physiol,2009,21,8(3):451-454.
[14]Mehta VB,Besner GE.HB-EGF promotes angiogenesis in endothelial cells via PI3-kinase and MAPK signaling pathways[J].Growth Factors,2007,25(4):253-263.
[15]Bagli E,Stefaniotou M,Morbidelli L,et al.Luteolin inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis:inhibition of endothelial cell survival and proliferation by targeting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity[J].Cancer Res,2004,64(21):7936-7946.
[16]张珊珊,罗勇,武磊.PI3K/AKT通路在电针促进局灶脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑内血管再生中的作用[J].第三军医大学学报,2010,32(23):2488-2491.
[17]Gadau S,Emanueli C,Van Linthout S,et al.Benfotiamine accelerates the healing of ischaemic diabetic limbs in mice through protein kinase B/Akt-mediated potentiation of angiogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis[J].Diabetologia,2006,49(2):405-420.
[18]Papapetropoulos A,Gareia-Cardena G,Madri JA,et al.Nitric oxide produetion contributes to the angiogenic properties of vaseular endothelial growth feator in human endothelial cells[J].J Clin Invest,1997,100(12):3131-3139.
[19]Egom EE,Mohamed TM,Mamas MA,et al.Activation of Pak1/Akt/eNOS signaling following sphingosine-1-phosphate release as part of a mechanism protecting cardiomyocytes against ischemic cell injury[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2011,301(4):1487-1495.
[20]Matthews LC,Taggart MJ,Westwood M.Modulation of caveolin-1 expression can affect signalling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway and cellular proliferation in response to insulin-like growth factor 1[J].Endocinology,2008,149(10):5199-5208.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文编辑:李亚聪)