一种新型含磷阻燃剂双-N [1-(4-羟基苯基)-1-(9-氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物)-甲基]-1,5-萘二胺的合成及应用
2014-09-07黄明阳周新星尹双凤
黄明阳,周新星,尹双凤
(1. 邵阳市公安消防支队,中国 邵阳 422000;2. 湖南大学化学化工学院,中国 长沙 410082)
一种新型含磷阻燃剂双-N [1-(4-羟基苯基)-1-(9-氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物)-甲基]-1,5-萘二胺的合成及应用
黄明阳1,周新星2,尹双凤2
(1. 邵阳市公安消防支队,中国 邵阳 422000;2. 湖南大学化学化工学院,中国 长沙 410082)
对羟基苯甲醛与1,5-二氨基萘(NDA)发生缩合反应制得席夫碱B, 9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)与席夫碱B反应,得到含磷阻燃剂R.采用核磁共振以及红外光谱技术对合成的R进行结构的表征鉴定.将R作为NDA的协同固化剂固化环氧树脂,考察固化物的阻燃性能和热稳定性能.结果表明,R的引入使固化物的阻燃性增强,当固化物中磷质量分数达到1.5%时,固化物的UL-94测试达到V-0,极限氧指数为38.2;然而,随着磷质量分数的增加,环氧树脂固化物的热稳定性有所降低.
DOPO;环氧树脂;阻燃剂
环氧树脂具有良好的粘结性、尺寸稳定性、优良的耐腐蚀性以及力学性能,被广泛应用于涂料、粘结剂和电子封装等领域[1-2].然而,环氧树脂固化物具有易燃以及热稳定性差等缺点,限制了其应用范围[3-4].
传统的阻燃技术是向环氧固化物中添加或引入含卤组分,使环氧树脂固化物在燃烧过程中释放出含卤气体达到阻燃效果.由于释放出的含卤气体有毒性和腐蚀性,因而含卤阻燃剂逐步被禁止使用[5-8].有机磷阻燃剂在聚合物燃烧时产生含磷酸类物质,使聚合物表面形成碳层,从而阻止或延缓燃烧的进行,是一种比较环保的阻燃剂[3,9-10].近年,许多学者将9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)及其衍生物引入环氧树脂或环氧树脂固化剂结构中,使最终的环氧树脂固化物具有阻燃性[11-14].
本文旨在通过简单的化学反应,合成一种含磷以及含萘环结构的阻燃剂R(如下图1所示),将合成的R作为NDA的协同固化剂固化E-51型环氧树脂,从而使最终的固化物具有较好的阻燃性.
图1 固化剂R的合成路线Fig.1 Synthesis routine of the curing agent R
1 实验部分
1.1 化学试剂与仪器
对羟基苯甲醛(98%,阿拉丁)、1,5-二氨基萘(NDA, 98%,西亚试剂)、9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO,98%,阿拉丁)、E-51型环氧树脂(巴陵石化)、二甲基亚酰胺(DMF,≥99.0%,国药)、无水乙醇(≥99.5%,探索平台)、冰乙酸(≥99.5%,天津富宇).
核磁共振仪(400 MHz,Bruker),DTG(DGA 60,Shimadzu),傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Nicolet 6700,Themo Fisher),极限氧指数仪(沧州中亚).
1.2 实验过程
1.2.1 固化剂R的合成 称取0.2 mol (24.424 g)对羟基苯甲醛和0.1 mol (15.820 g)1,5-二氨基萘(NDA)加入烧瓶中,再加入200 mL无水乙醇,搅拌溶解后向混合液中滴加3~4滴冰乙酸,于60 ℃下磁力搅拌条件反应5 h.反应液冷却至室温,有黄色针状物析出,过滤并用无水乙醇洗涤滤饼,50 ℃真空干燥黄色滤饼1 h,得黄色产物B 19.841 g (收率49.3%).称取0.01 mol (3.664 g) B和0.02 mol (4.32 g) DOPO放入烧瓶中,再加入200 mL无水乙醇搅拌溶解,在60oC氮气气氛中磁力搅拌反应4 h,冷却至室温,过滤并用无水乙醇洗涤滤饼,50oC真空干燥滤饼1 h,得灰白色产物R 6.232 g (收率78%).
1.2.2 环氧树脂固化 以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺作为溶剂,按n(环氧官能团)∶n(固化剂活性官能团)=1∶1加入环氧树脂、合成的阻燃剂R以及NDA,再加入溶剂混合均匀,除去溶剂后倒入聚四氟乙烯模具中,依次在160 ℃ 2 h和200 ℃ 1 h固化,然后缓慢冷却至室温,得到含磷量分别为:0、0.5、1.0、1.5 wt% 的环氧固化物,利用红外光谱法分析环氧树脂的固化情况.
1.2.3 环氧树脂固化物热稳定性测试 采用热重分析技术(TGA)测试 (DTG 60,Shimadzu),取3-5 mg样品,在N2气氛中,升温速率10 ℃/min.
1.2.4 环氧树脂固化物的阻燃性测试 UL-94测试参照IPC-TM-650试验方法手册.先将环氧树脂固化物制成1.6×12.7×127 mm样条,经打磨、干燥处理;将样条垂直于火焰上点燃10 s,将火焰移走,记录火焰移走至样条熄灭所用时间,并观察滴落物是否将棉布点燃.重复5次测试,得平均续燃时间t:t<5 s,记录为V-0;t<25 s,并且没有滴落物,记录为V-1;t<25 s,有滴落物,记录为V-2.极限氧指数(LOI)测试样的处理方法与UL-94方法类似.
2 结果与讨论
2.1 结构表征
2.1.1 B、R的NMR分析结果 B:1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz):δ=10.21 (s, 2H, -OH), 8.56 (s, 2H, -CH), 8.15 (d,J=8.4, 2H, Ar-H), 7.93 (d,J=8.4, 4H, Ar-H), 7.49~7.53 (m, 2H, Ar-H),7.19 (d,J=7.2 ,2H, Ar-H), 6.96 (d,J=8.4 ,4H, Ar-H).13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 100 MHz):δ=161.3 (s, Ar), 160.7 (s, Ar), 149.2 (s, CH), 131.4 (s, Ar), 129.5 (s, Ar), 128.2 (s, Ar), 126.4 (s, Ar), 121.3 (s, Ar), 116.2 (s, Ar), 113.8 (s, Ar).
R:1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz):δ= 9.50 (d,J=10.4 Hz, 2H, -OH), 8.13~8.15 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.97~8.06 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.66~7.72 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.37~7.49 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.27~7.32 (m, 8H, Ar-H), 6.90~7.09 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 6.69~6.74 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 6.52~6.57 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 6.40~6.45 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 6.04 (s, 1H, -NH), 5.60 (s, 1H, -NH), 5.42~5.46 (t, 1H, -CH), 5.13~5.15 (m, 1H, -CH);31P NMR (DMSO-d6, 160 MHz):δp1=31.7,δp2=29.2.
图2 固化剂R的红外光谱Fig.2 IR spectrum of the curing agent R
2.2 环氧树脂固化物的红外分析
选取了未固化的环氧树脂以及磷质量分数ω(P)分别为0、0.5、1.0、1.5的环氧树脂固化物进行红外分析(如图3).从图3可知,未固化的环氧树脂其环氧官能团: 环氧官能团伸缩振动位于917 cm-1,而磷质量分数分别为0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的环氧树脂固化物在917 cm-1的吸收峰基本消失,说明环氧树脂完全固化.
(a)未固化的环氧树脂; (b)w(P)=0; (c)w(P)=0.5%; (d)w(P)=1.0%; (e) w(P)=1.5%图3 环氧树脂及固化物的红外光谱图Fig.3 IR spectra of the epoxy resins and cured products
2.3 环氧树脂固化物燃烧产物形貌、热稳定性及阻燃性表征
2.3.1 固化物燃烧后的形貌 取NDA-0、R-NDA-3片状样品在马弗炉中于400 ℃、空气气氛下进行热处理30 min,NDA-0燃烧后成灰粉,而R-NDA-3燃烧后得到膨胀形碳化物(如图4 (1)、(2)),其内部为海绵网状(如图4(3)、(4)).这是由于在燃烧过程形成磷酸类物质,促进环氧固化物脱水碳化形成炭质层,氮元素在高温下形成含氮气体(N2、NH3等气体),使炭质层在高温下膨胀形成海绵网状结构[15].
(1) (2) (3) (4)图4 固化样燃烧残留物形貌Fig.4 Morphologies of the combusted residues
图5 固化物的热重分析Fig.5 Thermogravimetric analysis of the cured products
2.3.3 固化样阻燃性测试结果 由表1可知,当固化样磷质量分数达到1.5%,固化样的UL-94测试结果为V-0,极限氧指数(LOI)为38.2.从UL-94测试及极限氧指数结果可知,随着固化物的磷含量增大,固化物的阻燃性也随之增大.向环氧树脂中引入R使环氧树脂固化体系在磷含量较低的情况下有较好的阻燃性,这可能是磷氮协同阻燃的结果[9,13,17].
表1 固化物TG和UL-94分析
注:①T10%表示固化物热失重为10%的温度;②Tmax表示固化物热失重速率最大时对应的温度.
3 结论
合成了一种新型阻燃固化剂R,并利用NMR、FTIR对其结构进行了鉴定.R作为NDA的协同固化剂固化E-51型环氧树脂,向环氧树脂中引入R所得的固化物在磷含量较低时表现出较好的阻燃性和热稳定性;随着R引入量增大,固化物的含磷量增大,固化物的阻燃性和残碳率也增大,但磷含量较高时,其热稳定性有所降低.
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(编辑 杨春明)
Synthesis of a New Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant Bis-N-[1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-(9-Hydro-9-Oxa-10-p-Hosphaphenanthrene 10-Oxide)- 1,5-Naphthalenediamine and its Application in Epoxy Resins
HUANGMing-yang1,ZHOUXin-xing2*,YINShuang-feng2
(1. Shaoyang Fire Control Brigade, Shaoyang 422000, China;2. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China)
The condensation reaction of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde with 1,5-naphthalenediamine (NDA) produces Schiff base B, followed by the addition with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-p-hosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) to obtain the phosphorus-containing flame retardant R. The structure of R was characterized by NMR and FTIR. R was tested as co-curing agents of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene for epoxy resins, and the flame-retardant performance and thermo-stability of cured epoxy resin were investigated. The result shows that the introduction of R increases the flame retardant of the cured products. When the phosphorus content reached 1.5 wt%, the epoxy resin system can meet the UL-94 V-0 classification and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 38.2. However, the thermo-stability of the cured epoxy resin declined with the increase of phosphorus content.
DOPO; epoxy resin; flame retardant
2014-04-25
国家自然科学基金资助项目(21273067)
O627.51
A
1000-2537(2014)03-0048-05
*通讯作者,E-mail:466848783@qq.com