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阿仑膦酸钠联合辛伐他汀对骨质疏松骨折的影响

2014-08-11薛江义等

中国医药科学 2014年10期
关键词:辛伐他汀骨质疏松骨折

薛江义等

[摘要] 目的 通过实验观察阿仑膦酸钠联合辛伐他汀对骨质疏松大鼠骨折愈合的影响。 方法 成年雌性SD大鼠50只,随机分为5组:(A)假手术对照组;(B)去势对照组;(C)去势阿仑膦酸钠组;(D)去势辛伐他汀组;(E)去势联合用药组。B、C、D、E组行双侧卵巢切除术,A组仅切除部分脂肪组织。8周后每组随机选取2只大鼠确认骨质疏松造模成功后,各组均行左侧股骨中段骨折,并使用克氏针髓内固定。骨折内固定术后予以下药物干预:A、B两组:生理盐水5mL/(kg·d)灌胃8周;C组:阿仑膦酸钠0.5mg/(kg·d)灌胃8周;D组:辛伐他汀20mg/(kg·d) 灌胃8周;E组阿仑膦酸钠0.5mg/(kg·d)+辛伐他汀20mg/(kg·d)灌胃8周。所有大鼠处死后收集血样和左侧股骨,进行血钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶含量、股骨X线骨密度及生物力学强度检测。 结果 卵巢去势组对比假手术对照组骨密度有明显减少,血清碱性磷酸酶水平升高,血钙、磷变化无统计学意义;使用阿仑膦酸钠及联合辛伐他汀治疗8周后,血钙、磷变化无统计学意义,碱性磷酸酶降低,股骨骨密度、生物力学功能获得改善,其中联合用药组更为明显,差异有统计学意义。 结论 阿仑膦酸钠有助于骨质疏松骨折愈合后生物力学功能的恢复,其中辛伐他汀可起到协同作用。

[关键词] 双膦酸盐;阿仑膦酸钠;辛伐他汀;骨质疏松;骨折

[中图分类号] R591.4 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)10-20-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of alendronate combined with simvastatin on the osteoporotic fracture healing in rats.Methods 50 SD adult female rats were randomly divided into 5 groups:(A)sham operation control group;(B)ovariectomized control group;(C)ovariectomized alendronate group;(D)simvastatin group;(E)ovariectomized alendronate and simvastatin group.B,C,D,Egroup underwent ovariectomy surgery,A group only partially excised adipose tissue.8 weeks later,2 rats were selected randomly from each group to confirm osteoporosis successful modeling.Then the midshaft femur fracture model was established by an operation and intramedullary nails fixation was achieved with Kirschner wire.Deal each group of rats with such drug intervention as follows:(A,B) physiological saline 5mL/(kg·d)gavage for 8 weeks; (C)alendronate 0.5mg/(kg·d) gavage for 8 weeks;(D)simvastatin 20mg/(kg·d)gavage for 8 weeks (E)alendronate 0.5mg/(kg·d)+ simvastatin 20mg/(kg·d) gavage for 8 weeks.All the rats were killed and their blood samples and left femurs were collected.The serum calcium, phosphorus,alkaline phosphatase(ALP)content,X-ray bone mineral density(BMD) and biomechanical strength were detected. Results Compared with the sham group,the ovariectomized group had significantly reduced bone mineral density,elevated ALP level and serum calcium,phosphorus content had no significant change.After treatment witn alendronate and simvastatin for 8 weeks,calcium,phosphorus content had no significant change;alkaline phosphatase level decreased;femoral bone mineral density and biomechanical strength were improved.This result is more obvious in alendronate and simvastatin group, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion Alendronate is beneficial to the restoration of biomechanical function in the osteoporosis fracture healing,and simvastatin can play a synergistic effect.endprint

[Key words] Bisphosphonates;Alendronate;Simvastatin;Osteoporosis;Fracture healing

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis)是由多种原因引起的骨脆性增加、骨强度降低从而易于骨折的代谢性骨病。目前骨质疏松已成为危害中、老年人健康的主要疾病之一[1]。骨折是骨质疏松症的主要并发症。Nikolaou等[2]通过临床研究证实骨质疏松症患者的股骨干骨折的骨折愈合显著延迟,因此探讨骨折疏松性骨折的术后药物干预能否促进骨折愈合显得尤为重要。双膦酸盐主要是通过抑制破骨细胞活性和增高骨密度来降低骨折风险。而他汀类药物则是通过诱导BMP-2的高表达,从而具有促进成骨的作用[3]。骨密度、骨生物力学分别是评价骨骼强度和骨折愈合质量的重要指标,因此本实验选择监测该些指标[4-5]。骨转换过程是骨吸收和骨形成互相平衡的结果,双膦酸盐和辛伐他汀促进骨折愈合的机制正好相反,因此通过本研究验证该两种药物同时应用是否能更加有效的促进骨质疏松骨折愈合。

3 讨论

双膦酸盐(bisphosphonates,BPs)作为稳定的无机焦磷酸盐类似物,不易被焦磷酸酯酶降解,可以抑制骨吸收并同时干扰破骨细胞附着,使破骨细胞超微结构发生变化,也可通过抑制成骨细胞中细胞因子产生而阻止破骨细胞修复,从而使骨密度增加,抑制骨吸收的强度也大大增加[8]。由于骨转换是破骨细胞与成骨细胞相互作用的过程,BPs抑制破骨细胞活性,同时对成骨细胞也存在抑制作用,而成骨细胞活性与骨折愈合过程密切相关。但有动物实验表明,BPs对骨折愈合影响不明显[9]。也有动物实验结果表明,BPs虽然抑制骨吸收,但会提高骨痂骨矿含量及体积,改善骨骼力学特性[10-11]。另一项关于唑来膦酸的动物实验也提示双膦酸盐虽会抑制骨重建,但对骨痂形成具有促进作用[12]。本研究结果显示阿仑膦酸钠可促进骨强度的增加和骨密度提高。

他汀类药物(statins)是羟甲基五二酰辅酶A(HMG-CoA)还原酶抑制剂,通过竞争性抑制和反馈刺激作用,减少细胞内胆固醇合成以及增加血清胆固醇的清除,是目前临床常用降脂药物[13]。上世纪末Mundy等[3]发现他汀类药物具有促进成骨的作用,其能明显刺激体外培养的成骨细胞增殖。许多基础和临床研究支持上述观点,认为对于骨转换指标、增加骨矿物密度及降低骨折危险因素,他汀类药物均可产生积极影响。本世纪初,Maritz等[7]的研究发现辛伐他汀虽然不能阻止去势大鼠骨量的丢失,但确实对骨转换和骨代谢有刺激作用,尤其以高剂量组[20mg/(kg·d)]更为明显[7]。这些发现提示他汀类药物可作为成骨类抗骨质疏松药的潜在手段。关于药物干预方式,早年在辛伐他汀对骨折愈合或骨缺损愈合影响的研究中,主要以骨折局部皮下注射或内固定涂层等局部给药为主[14],但由于在辛伐他汀的临床应用上多为口服,近年来通过口服(灌胃)给药方式观察辛伐他汀对骨质疏松大鼠骨折愈合影响的研究逐渐增多。本研究选择了灌胃给药方式,结果显示辛伐他汀组(D组)和骨质疏松对照组(B组)之间比较,骨密度和骨骼生物力学强度差异较小,无明显统计学意义,考虑可能与口服给药后骨折局部未达到有效药物浓度等因素有关,具体仍待进一步实验证实。

综上所述,双膦酸盐类药物是目前防治骨质疏松症的临床常用药物,其对骨折愈合过程的影响可能与药物种类、剂量、给药时间及患者年龄有关。其中多数动物实验及临床研究结果显示,常规剂量BPs对骨折愈合无明显不利影响。但目前动物研究中提示BPs可提高骨痂骨矿含量及体积,因此能够增加骨折植入物的稳定性。且本研究中证实了阿仑膦酸钠能够增加骨密度,增强生物力学特性,这些都是对于促进骨折愈合较为积极的因素。但是目前关于BPs对骨折愈合的最终影响仍未达成共识,且关于双膦酸盐药物最佳干预时间、药物剂量及给药方式等仍需实验进一步研究。

[参考文献]

[1] Consensus development conference:diagnosis,prophylaxis,and treatment of osteoporosis[J].Am J Med,1993,94(6):646-650.

[2] Nikolaou VS,Efstathopoulos N,Kontakis Q,et al.The influence of osteoporosis in femoral fracture healing time[J].Injury,2009,40(6):663-668.

[3] Mundy G,Garrett R,Harris S,etal.Stimulation of bone f ormation in vitro and in rodents by statins[J].Science,1999,286(5446):1946-1949.

[4] Dempster DW.The impact of bone turnover and bone active agents on bone quality:focus on the hip [J].Osteoporos Int,2002,13:349-352.

[5] Meunier PJ.Anabolic agents for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis[J].Joint Bone Spine,2001, 68:576-581.

[6] 薛廷,李军,王序.不同剂量阿仑膦酸钠对卵巢切除大鼠骨丢失和骨质量影响[J].中国医学杂志,2002,37(4): 272-275.

[7] Maritz FJ,Cnnradiem M,Hulleyp A,et al.Effects of statins on bone mineral density and bone histomorphometry in rodents[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2001,21(10):1636-1641.endprint

[8] Martin T,Gooi JH,Sims NA.Molecular mechanisms in coupling of bone formation to resorption [J].Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr,2009,19: 73-88.

[9] Rozental TD,Vazquez MA,Chacko AT,et al.Comparison of radiographic fracture healing in the distal radius for Patients on and off bisphosphonate therapy[J].J Hand Surg Am,2009,34:595-602.

[10] Matos MA,Tannuri U,Guarniero R.The effect of zoledronate during bone healing[J].J Orthopaed Traumatol,2010,11:7-12.

[11] Amanat N,Mcdonald M,Godfrey C,et al.Optimal timing of bolus intravenous zoledronic acid in a rat fracture model[J].J Bone Miner Res,2007,22:867-876.

[12] Li YF,Zhou CC,Li J,et al.The effects of combined human parathyroid hormone(1-34) and zoledronic acid treatment on fracture healing in osteoporotic rats[J/OL].OsteoporosInt,2011[2011-12-30].

[13] Bollerslev,JWikon SC,Dick M,et al.LRP5 gene polymorphisms predict bone masss arld irlcident factures in elderly australian wowen[J].Bone,2005,36(4):599-606.

[14] Tannigo,Takaoka,Tabatay.Sustained release of water-insolublesim vastatin from biodegradable hydrogel augments bone regenerationJ].J Controlled Release,2010,143(2):201-206.

(收稿日期:2014-03-25)endprint

[8] Martin T,Gooi JH,Sims NA.Molecular mechanisms in coupling of bone formation to resorption [J].Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr,2009,19: 73-88.

[9] Rozental TD,Vazquez MA,Chacko AT,et al.Comparison of radiographic fracture healing in the distal radius for Patients on and off bisphosphonate therapy[J].J Hand Surg Am,2009,34:595-602.

[10] Matos MA,Tannuri U,Guarniero R.The effect of zoledronate during bone healing[J].J Orthopaed Traumatol,2010,11:7-12.

[11] Amanat N,Mcdonald M,Godfrey C,et al.Optimal timing of bolus intravenous zoledronic acid in a rat fracture model[J].J Bone Miner Res,2007,22:867-876.

[12] Li YF,Zhou CC,Li J,et al.The effects of combined human parathyroid hormone(1-34) and zoledronic acid treatment on fracture healing in osteoporotic rats[J/OL].OsteoporosInt,2011[2011-12-30].

[13] Bollerslev,JWikon SC,Dick M,et al.LRP5 gene polymorphisms predict bone masss arld irlcident factures in elderly australian wowen[J].Bone,2005,36(4):599-606.

[14] Tannigo,Takaoka,Tabatay.Sustained release of water-insolublesim vastatin from biodegradable hydrogel augments bone regenerationJ].J Controlled Release,2010,143(2):201-206.

(收稿日期:2014-03-25)endprint

[8] Martin T,Gooi JH,Sims NA.Molecular mechanisms in coupling of bone formation to resorption [J].Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr,2009,19: 73-88.

[9] Rozental TD,Vazquez MA,Chacko AT,et al.Comparison of radiographic fracture healing in the distal radius for Patients on and off bisphosphonate therapy[J].J Hand Surg Am,2009,34:595-602.

[10] Matos MA,Tannuri U,Guarniero R.The effect of zoledronate during bone healing[J].J Orthopaed Traumatol,2010,11:7-12.

[11] Amanat N,Mcdonald M,Godfrey C,et al.Optimal timing of bolus intravenous zoledronic acid in a rat fracture model[J].J Bone Miner Res,2007,22:867-876.

[12] Li YF,Zhou CC,Li J,et al.The effects of combined human parathyroid hormone(1-34) and zoledronic acid treatment on fracture healing in osteoporotic rats[J/OL].OsteoporosInt,2011[2011-12-30].

[13] Bollerslev,JWikon SC,Dick M,et al.LRP5 gene polymorphisms predict bone masss arld irlcident factures in elderly australian wowen[J].Bone,2005,36(4):599-606.

[14] Tannigo,Takaoka,Tabatay.Sustained release of water-insolublesim vastatin from biodegradable hydrogel augments bone regenerationJ].J Controlled Release,2010,143(2):201-206.

(收稿日期:2014-03-25)endprint

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