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总量控制下流域初始排污权分配的竞争性混合决策方法

2014-07-18王洁方

中国人口·资源与环境 2014年5期

王洁方

摘要:中国排污权交易市场尚不完善,若初始排污权的分配结果与现有排污量差异过大,排污方不能及时调整生产方式或结构与之相适应,同时又无法顺利在市场上购买到所必须的排污权量,排污方的经济社会发展将会受到阻碍。基于此,提出了总量控制下流域初始排污权的竞争性混合分配方式:一部分排污权按照现状排污比例进行分配,另一部分排污权实行竞争性分配。重点研究了排污权的竞争性分配决策:提出了由排污管理者制定柔性决策参数,排污方在柔性参数约束下进行自主竞争的初始排污权配置机制;建立了总量控制下初始排污权分配的竞争性决策模型,模拟排污方在排污管理者的总体控制下以“自身排污配比最大化”为目标通过交互评价的方式参与初始排污权的分配过程。柔性决策参数的构建反映了排污权管理者对初始排污权分配的公平性、高效性原则的整体把握;排污方在柔性权重下以“自评”和“它评”为主要形式进行交叉评价,体现了排污方在排污权分配中的“发言权”和“参与权”;排污权管理者对排污方交叉评价结果的集结,实质上是对排污方之间的“利益”进行协调。在初始排污权的竞争性混合分配方式中,竞争性分配的排污权比例取决于流域内排污方的经济社会发展对排污量变化的“敏感度”,排污方经济社会发展对排污量变化的“敏感度”越高,竞争性分配的比例的取值宜越小,反之越大。同时,可根据排污交易市场的建设进度,逐步提高竞争性分配排污权的比例,分阶段实现流域排污权的动态分配,最终达到对排污权进行高效、公平分配的目标。以北江流域为例进行了分析,给出了排污权分配总量中竞争性分配比例取不同值时,北江流域6个城市排污权分配的动态结果。

关键词:初始排污权分配;竞争性决策;总量控制

中图分类号 X323;C935

文献标识码 A

文章编号 1002-2104(2014)05-0088-05

2011 年,中央一号文件提出实行最严格的水资源管理制度,明确指出要加强水功能区限制纳污红线管理,严格控制入河湖排污总量。排污总量控制下,如何实现各流域内初始排污权的科学配置,是当前水资源管理理论和实践面临的一个重要课题。目前,国外在排污权管理领域的研究成果多集中在排污权交易理论方面[1-4],流域初始排污权分配的研究较少[5]且多从非定量的角度展开。国内对流域初始排污权分配的研究多采用多指标决策法[6-8]和多目标规划模型法[9-14],这两种方法存在两点不足:首先,初始排污权分配涉及的因素很多,如排污方的水资源禀赋,排污绩效、经济规模、人口结构与总量,用水习惯等,多目标规划模型难以综合考虑多样化的分配因素,否则模型的变量可能过多且约束式复杂;其次,多指标决策模型可以全面地综合反映多样化的影响因素,但要求排污权管理者客观、精确地给出各因素的权重,理论上可行,实践中却存在困难。此外,排污权分配决策建模过程中,尚需更充分地体现排污方的个体合理要求,避免排污方因分配不公而对分配方案产生抵触情绪进而致使总量控制难以顺利实施。

1 总量控制下初始排污权分配的交互评价竞争机制构建

公平、高效是排污权分配公认的两大原则:在排污权分配决策中遵循公平原则,即要充分体现社会要素(如人口)和自然要素(如土地面积、水资源禀赋)在排污权分配中的平等性;在排污权分配决策中坚持高效原则,即排污权分配决策要兼顾经济绩效。除了公平性和高效性原则以外,由于现阶段我国排污权分配交易市场尚不完善,若初始排污权的再分配结果与现有排污量差异过大,排污方短期内不能及时调整生活、生产方式或结构与之相适应,同时又无法顺利在市场购买到所必须的排污权量,排污方的经济社会发展将会受到阻碍,因此,尊重现状是流域初始排污权分配须坚持的第三大原则。在排污权分配决策中尊重现状,即要以现状排污比例作为排污权分配决策的基本参照和出发点。

总量控制下,排污权分配的工作客体(可用于分配的排污权总量)等于流域可容纳的排污总量,减去保障生活、生产运转的基本排污量以及政府预留排污量。基于排污权分配的三大原则,以及在排污权分配过程中增强排污方参与性与能动性的需要,可将流域排污权工作客体划分为两部分:一部分按照现状排污比例进行分配,此部分所占比例越大,排污权分配比例与现状排污比例越接近;另一部分采用竞争机制进行分配,该部分在公平、高效原则的基础上,尽可能体现排污方个体的合理要求。

本文采用交互评价竞争机制来对第二部分排污权工作客体进行分配,对应的决策流程为:首先,排污权管理者建立初始排污权分配的决策指标体系(主要包括公平性指标和高效性指标),并通过咨询水资源管理专家确定指标的柔性权重(由于排污权分配影响因素的复杂性,精确的指标权重是难以科学确定的,柔性权重更能反映客观实际)。其次,排污权管理者将指标体系和柔性权重向排污方公开,排污方依据指标体系和自身指标值,在柔性约束下选择最能突显自身优势的权重对自身和其它排污方进行评价。最后,排污权管理者公平集结各排污方的“自评”和“它评”结果,计算各排污方的综合评价值,并以综合评价值作为排污权分配比例决策的依据。

4 小 结

总量控制下,基于排污权交易市场不完善要求排污权分配尊重排污现状的客观实际,构建了相应的竞争性混合决策模型,该模型有以下优点:

(1)排污管理者只需给出排污权分配影响因素的柔性权重而非精确权重,更符合客观实际。

(2)模拟了排污权管理者将部分决策权“下放”给排污方,使排污方以“自评”和“它评”的形式充分凸显其个体合理要求的决策过程,排污权分配结果更易被排污方认同和接受。

(编辑:刘呈庆)

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[13]王宗志,胡四一,王银堂. 基于水量与水质的流域初始二维水权分配模型[J]. 水利学报,2010,41(5):524-530. [Wang Zongzhi,Hu Siyi, Wang Yintang.Initial Twodimensional Water Right Allocation Modeling Based on Water Quantity and Water Quality in the River Basin[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineeing,2010,41(5):524-530.]

[14]赵文会,高岩,戴天晟.初始排污权分配的优化模型[J].系统工程,2007,25(6): 57-61. [Zhao Wenhui, Gao Yan, Dao Tianmao. An Optimization Model of Initial Emission Permits Distribution[J]. Systems Engineering,2007, 25(6): 57-61.]

[15]广东省水利电力勘测设计研究院.广东省北江流域综合规划报告[R].2004. [Guangdong Design and Research Institute of Water Conservancy and Electric Power Survey. Integrated River Basin Planning Report of Guangdong Beijiang River Basin[R].2004.]

[16]Bryson N , Mobolurin A. An Action Learning Evaluation Procedure for Multiple Criteria Decision Making Problems[J]. European Journal of operational Researeh, 1996, 96(3): 379-386.

[17]邱菀华.管理决策与应用熵学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003. [Qiu Wanhua. Management Decision and the Application of Entropy [M].Beijing: Machinery Industry Press,2003.]

[2]Rose A,Stevens B. The Efficiency and Equity of Marketable Permits for CO2 Emission[J]. Resources and Energy Economics,1993,(15): 117-146.

[3]Hung M F,Shaw D. A Tradingratio System for Trading Water Pollution Discharge Permits[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2005,49(1): 83- l02.

[4]吴丹.基于双层诊断优化的流域初始排污权交互式分配[J].软科学,2013,27(4):71-75.[ Wu Dan. The Interactive Allocation of Initial Water Pollutant Emissions Rights Based on the Bilevel Diagnosis and Optimization in Basin[J]. Soft Science, 2013, 27(4):71-75.]

[5]Lee C S, Chang S P. Interactive Fuzzy Optimization for an Economic and Environmental Balance in a River System [J]. Water Research, 2005, 39(1): 221-231.

[6]陈龙,李寿德. 流域初始排污权分配的AHP法及其应用研究[J]. 上海管理科学,2011,33(5):109-112.[ Chen Long ,Li Shoude. Research on the Allocation Method of Watershed Emission Permits Based on AHP[J]. Shanghai Management Science,2011,33(5):109-112.]

[7]李如忠,汪家权,钱家忠. 区域水污染负荷分配的 DelphiAHP法[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2005,37(1): 84-88.[Li Ruzhong,Wang Jiaquan,Qian Jiazhong. DelphiAHP Method for Allocation of Waste Loads in a Region[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2005,37(1): 84-88.]

[8]张兴榆,黄贤金,于术桐,等.沙颍河流域行政单元的排污权初始分配研究[J].环境科学与管理,2009,34(3): 16-21.[Initial Allocation of Emission Permits in the Condition of Administration CellA Case Study of Shaying River Basin [J].Environmental Science and Management,2009,34(3): 16-21.]

[9]李寿德,黄桐城.初始排污权分配的一个多目标决策模型[J].中国管理科学,2003,11(6):40-44.[Li Shoude, Huang Tongcheng. A MultiObjectives Decision Model of Initial Emission Permits Allocation[J] .Chinese Journal of Management Science,2003,11(6):40-44.]

[10]李如忠,舒琨.基于Vague集的水污染负荷分配方法[J].水利学报,2011,42(2):127-135. [Li Ruzhong,Shukun. Allocation Method of Water Waste Loads Based on Vague Sets[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2011,42(2):127-135.]

[11]Wang Zongzhi,Zhang Lingling,Jin Juliang. Accelerating Genetic Algorithm Based on SeriesShuntWound Structure[C]//Proceedings of First International Conference of Modeling and Simulation (Volume II): Mathematical Modeling. Liverpool L13 4AH,England,UK: World Academic Press,2008:149 -154.

[12]完善,李寿德,马琳杰. 流域初始排污权分配方式[J]. 系统管理学报,2013,22(2):278-281. [Wan SHan, Li SHoude,Ma Linjie.The Initial Allocation of Emission Permits in River Basins[J]. Journal of Systems & Management. 2013,22(2):278-281.]

[13]王宗志,胡四一,王银堂. 基于水量与水质的流域初始二维水权分配模型[J]. 水利学报,2010,41(5):524-530. [Wang Zongzhi,Hu Siyi, Wang Yintang.Initial Twodimensional Water Right Allocation Modeling Based on Water Quantity and Water Quality in the River Basin[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineeing,2010,41(5):524-530.]

[14]赵文会,高岩,戴天晟.初始排污权分配的优化模型[J].系统工程,2007,25(6): 57-61. [Zhao Wenhui, Gao Yan, Dao Tianmao. An Optimization Model of Initial Emission Permits Distribution[J]. Systems Engineering,2007, 25(6): 57-61.]

[15]广东省水利电力勘测设计研究院.广东省北江流域综合规划报告[R].2004. [Guangdong Design and Research Institute of Water Conservancy and Electric Power Survey. Integrated River Basin Planning Report of Guangdong Beijiang River Basin[R].2004.]

[16]Bryson N , Mobolurin A. An Action Learning Evaluation Procedure for Multiple Criteria Decision Making Problems[J]. European Journal of operational Researeh, 1996, 96(3): 379-386.

[17]邱菀华.管理决策与应用熵学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003. [Qiu Wanhua. Management Decision and the Application of Entropy [M].Beijing: Machinery Industry Press,2003.]

[2]Rose A,Stevens B. The Efficiency and Equity of Marketable Permits for CO2 Emission[J]. Resources and Energy Economics,1993,(15): 117-146.

[3]Hung M F,Shaw D. A Tradingratio System for Trading Water Pollution Discharge Permits[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2005,49(1): 83- l02.

[4]吴丹.基于双层诊断优化的流域初始排污权交互式分配[J].软科学,2013,27(4):71-75.[ Wu Dan. The Interactive Allocation of Initial Water Pollutant Emissions Rights Based on the Bilevel Diagnosis and Optimization in Basin[J]. Soft Science, 2013, 27(4):71-75.]

[5]Lee C S, Chang S P. Interactive Fuzzy Optimization for an Economic and Environmental Balance in a River System [J]. Water Research, 2005, 39(1): 221-231.

[6]陈龙,李寿德. 流域初始排污权分配的AHP法及其应用研究[J]. 上海管理科学,2011,33(5):109-112.[ Chen Long ,Li Shoude. Research on the Allocation Method of Watershed Emission Permits Based on AHP[J]. Shanghai Management Science,2011,33(5):109-112.]

[7]李如忠,汪家权,钱家忠. 区域水污染负荷分配的 DelphiAHP法[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2005,37(1): 84-88.[Li Ruzhong,Wang Jiaquan,Qian Jiazhong. DelphiAHP Method for Allocation of Waste Loads in a Region[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2005,37(1): 84-88.]

[8]张兴榆,黄贤金,于术桐,等.沙颍河流域行政单元的排污权初始分配研究[J].环境科学与管理,2009,34(3): 16-21.[Initial Allocation of Emission Permits in the Condition of Administration CellA Case Study of Shaying River Basin [J].Environmental Science and Management,2009,34(3): 16-21.]

[9]李寿德,黄桐城.初始排污权分配的一个多目标决策模型[J].中国管理科学,2003,11(6):40-44.[Li Shoude, Huang Tongcheng. A MultiObjectives Decision Model of Initial Emission Permits Allocation[J] .Chinese Journal of Management Science,2003,11(6):40-44.]

[10]李如忠,舒琨.基于Vague集的水污染负荷分配方法[J].水利学报,2011,42(2):127-135. [Li Ruzhong,Shukun. Allocation Method of Water Waste Loads Based on Vague Sets[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2011,42(2):127-135.]

[11]Wang Zongzhi,Zhang Lingling,Jin Juliang. Accelerating Genetic Algorithm Based on SeriesShuntWound Structure[C]//Proceedings of First International Conference of Modeling and Simulation (Volume II): Mathematical Modeling. Liverpool L13 4AH,England,UK: World Academic Press,2008:149 -154.

[12]完善,李寿德,马琳杰. 流域初始排污权分配方式[J]. 系统管理学报,2013,22(2):278-281. [Wan SHan, Li SHoude,Ma Linjie.The Initial Allocation of Emission Permits in River Basins[J]. Journal of Systems & Management. 2013,22(2):278-281.]

[13]王宗志,胡四一,王银堂. 基于水量与水质的流域初始二维水权分配模型[J]. 水利学报,2010,41(5):524-530. [Wang Zongzhi,Hu Siyi, Wang Yintang.Initial Twodimensional Water Right Allocation Modeling Based on Water Quantity and Water Quality in the River Basin[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineeing,2010,41(5):524-530.]

[14]赵文会,高岩,戴天晟.初始排污权分配的优化模型[J].系统工程,2007,25(6): 57-61. [Zhao Wenhui, Gao Yan, Dao Tianmao. An Optimization Model of Initial Emission Permits Distribution[J]. Systems Engineering,2007, 25(6): 57-61.]

[15]广东省水利电力勘测设计研究院.广东省北江流域综合规划报告[R].2004. [Guangdong Design and Research Institute of Water Conservancy and Electric Power Survey. Integrated River Basin Planning Report of Guangdong Beijiang River Basin[R].2004.]

[16]Bryson N , Mobolurin A. An Action Learning Evaluation Procedure for Multiple Criteria Decision Making Problems[J]. European Journal of operational Researeh, 1996, 96(3): 379-386.

[17]邱菀华.管理决策与应用熵学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003. [Qiu Wanhua. Management Decision and the Application of Entropy [M].Beijing: Machinery Industry Press,2003.]