Ilizarov技术治疗胫骨感染性骨缺损
2014-07-07唐佩福梁向党张立海
张 伟,张 群,唐佩福,梁向党,张立海,郝 明
解放军总医院 骨科,北京 100853
Ilizarov技术治疗胫骨感染性骨缺损
张 伟,张 群,唐佩福,梁向党,张立海,郝 明
解放军总医院 骨科,北京 100853
目的探讨应用Ilizarov技术治疗胫骨感染性骨缺损的临床疗效。方法2008年1月- 2012年12月,我科采用Ilizarov技术治疗胫骨感染性骨缺损患者315例,男性236例,女性79例;年龄14 ~ 72岁,平均35岁;病史2个月~ 10年,平均9个月。病变在胫骨上段86例,胫骨中段92例,胫骨下段137例;伴有软组织缺损146例。骨缺损长度2 ~ 18 cm,平均8 cm;随访时间1 ~ 6年,平均28个月。术后随访观察骨及软组织愈合及并发症情况。结果315例感染均一期控制,未见骨髓炎复发,软组织缺损创面全部愈合。63例行胫骨短缩延长术患者均实现一期骨性愈合。252例行胫骨骨搬移术,147例骨断端一期骨性愈合;97例骨断端经二期植入髂骨松质骨后实现骨性愈合;8例骨延长区成骨不良,经髂骨植骨后全部愈合。8例出现足下垂畸形,15例出现钉道感染,2例拆除外固定架后出现再骨折,10例出现轴向偏移,上述患者经对症处理后均得到良好疗效。结论对于胫骨感染性骨缺损患者,Ilizarov技术能同时实现感染病灶彻底清除、骨不连治疗、皮肤软组织修复以及均衡肢体长度,一期手术达到满意的治疗效果。
感染性骨缺损;骨髓炎;Ilizarov技术;外固定架
感染性骨缺损是临床上治疗难度最大的一种骨不连[1-3]。随着Ilizarov 技术的应用,对该病的治疗效果发生了根本性的改变。该技术是一种采用外固定支架,在精密控制条件下,通过向组织施加牵拉力而促进骨和软组织生长的技术。它使得清除感染、治疗骨不连、修复软组织缺损和均衡肢体长度能够同步进行[1-2,4-6]。我们采用Ilizarov技术治疗胫骨感染性骨缺损患者315例,疗效满意,现报告如下。
资料和方法
1 资料 回顾性分析2008年1月- 2012年12月我科采用Ilizarov技术治疗胫骨感染性骨缺损患者315例,男性236例,女性79例;年龄14 ~ 72岁,平均35岁;病史2个月~ 10年,平均9个月。既往有1 ~ 12次手术史,平均3次;骨缺损长度2 ~18 cm,平均8 cm;病变在胫骨上段86例,胫骨中段92例,胫骨下段137例;伴有软组织缺损146例。感染性骨缺损的诊断依据患者病史与临床表现、影像学资料、实验室检查、术前术中细菌学检查结果综合评价得出。
2 方法 首先明确骨及软组织的感染情况,术中取出所有内置物,彻底清除创面内坏死组织、增生肉芽、死骨及硬化骨质,直至出现有丰富血运的骨及软组织。用过氧化氢溶液、0.9%氯化钠注射液反复冲洗,再用碘伏浸泡冲洗,骨缺损两断端用电锯修齐,碘伏纱布覆盖创面防止污染干骺端截骨部位。安装Ilizarov环式可延长外固定架。再于胫骨干骺端截骨,采用小切口,用线锯或电钻于骨膜下低能量截骨。对<4 cm的骨缺损,如果软组织条件允许,可同时截除相应长度的腓骨,再将骨缺损断端短缩加压固定,直接缝合皮肤软组织。对>4 cm的骨缺损,则保持胫骨长度行骨搬移术,皮肤软组织能直接缝合不留死腔者直接闭合伤口;皮肤软组织缺损较大无法覆盖者则开放创面,碘伏纱布填塞创腔。
3 术后处理 术后抗生素治疗3 d,每天进行钉道的消毒护理,防止钉道感染。创面皮肤软组织缺损患者,每日或隔日换药,碘伏纱布充填创面。于术后8 ~ 10 d开始行胫骨骨延长,按1 mm/d的速度延长,分4次完成。术后第3天开始扶双拐,患肢部分负重活动。每2周复查1次X线,观察延长区骨生长情况和移动骨段有无偏离胫骨轴。至肢体长度恢复或骨断端接触加压后停止延长或骨搬移。拆除环式外固定器之前,应逐渐消除所承受的压缩或牵伸力,保证框架连接及各螺母、螺杆呈中性,在任何方向均无张力。外固定器的拆除依据:治疗完成、牵伸间隙再生骨的表现及骨折的可靠愈合,减少固定刚度后患肢全荷重行走骨折端无形变。
结 果
1 一般情况 所有患者术后均获随访,随访时间1 ~ 6年,平均28个月。315例患者感染均一期控制,软组织缺损创面全面愈合。无血管及神经损伤症状出现。术后患者双下肢长度基本恢复一致。术后外固定架固定时间6 ~ 22个月,平均11.5个月。
2 疗效及并发症 63例行胫骨短缩延长术的患者,平均延长3.5 cm,骨断端与骨延长区均一期骨性愈合(图1)。252例行胫骨骨搬移术的患者,平均延长10 cm,147例骨断端一期骨性愈合,97例骨断端经二期植入髂骨松质骨后实现骨性愈合,8例骨延长区成骨不良,经髂骨植骨后全部愈合(图2)。8例出现足下垂畸形,经二期行足踝外固定架牵拉治疗后得到矫正。15例出现钉道感染,经加强钉道护理或更换螺钉位置后感染得到控制。2例拆除外固定架后出现再骨折,经植骨治疗后愈合。10例在骨延长过程中出现轴向偏移,经外固定架调整后逐步矫正。
讨 论
感染性骨缺损常伴有混合性感染,骨段受累范围广,大段骨缺损和骨外露,皮肤软组织长期受脓液浸泡后瘢痕水肿,部分患者伴大面积软组织缺损。既往强调先进行局部病灶清除,再治疗骨缺损,治疗效果大多不满意,感染复发率较高。Ilizarov技术应用后,使得对该病的治疗效果发生了根本性的改变[3,5,7-17]。其治疗优势在于使感染病灶彻底清除、骨不连治疗、皮肤软组织修复以及均衡肢体长度同时进行,一期手术达到满意的治疗效果,避免了多次手术清创,不必担心因感染骨段大段清除后骨缺损无法修复而导致的骨清创不彻底,同时不需要为修复皮肤软组织缺损实施皮瓣肌皮瓣转移转位术[2]。这一方法已成为公认的治疗感染性骨缺损成功率最高的方法。
短缩延长术和骨搬移术是Ilizarov技术治疗感染性骨缺损的两种手术方式,均取得了满意的临床效果[9-10,17]。我们的临床实践发现,胫骨短缩延长术适用于骨缺损<4 cm的患者,大部分病人能够通过一次手术解决皮肤软组织缺损、骨外露等问题。对骨缺损>4 cm的患者,如果采用短缩延长术,会使皮肤软组织过度纡曲,减少骨与软组织的贴附,增加皮肤软组织与骨组织间的空腔,导致伤口愈合延迟,皮下血肿形成导致感染复发;同时短缩过多会使患肢血管神经束纡曲畸形加重,造成血管神经受损,导致患肢循环和神经功能障碍。因此,对骨缺损>4 cm的患者,我们推荐采用骨搬移术治疗。本组病例中63例骨缺损在2 ~ 4 cm的患者采用了短缩延长术,252例骨缺损在4 ~ 18 cm的患者采用了骨搬移术,均取得满意的疗效。但是对骨缺损<4 cm的患者,如果软组织缺损较大,短缩后创面不能直接闭合,也不宜采用短缩延长术,建议使用骨搬移术。
图 1 A: 患者男性,51岁,术前X线片:胫骨感染性骨不连; B: 术后X线片:术中切除2.5 cm长的死骨后骨断端直接短缩加压,胫骨近端截骨延长;C:术后2周X线片:截骨处已开始延长; D: 术后4个月X线片:骨延长区与骨断端成骨良好;E: 术后1年X线片:拆除外固定架半年后,骨延长区与骨断端愈合良好Fig. 1 A: 51 years old male patient, x-ray preoperatively showing infected bone non-union with tibia; B: X-ray postoperatively showing patient underwent the short lengthening contraction with 2.5 cm bone defect; C: Two-weeks postoperatively, X-ray showing that lengthening began; D: 4 months postoperatively, X-ray showing osteogenesis were well in lengthening area and bone stumps; E: 1 year postoperatively, X-ray showing bone healing was well after removing the external fixator
图 2 A: 患者男性,29岁,术前X线片: 感染性骨不连,骨缺损明显; B: 术后大体像:彻底清创后,皮肤软组织和骨组织缺损明显; C: 术后X线片:胫骨远端截骨搬移,骨断端缺损11 cm; D: 术后18周X线片:搬移完成,骨断端已接触,骨延长区已开始成骨; E: 术后11个月X线片:骨断端与骨延长区成骨良好; F: 术后18个月X线片:拆除外固定架后6个月,骨愈合良好;外像显示患者皮肤软组织缺损修复好Fig. 2 A: 29 years old male patient, X-ray preoperatively showing infected bone defect with tibia; B: Bone and soft tissue defect were large after debridement postoperatively; C: X-ray postoperatively showing patient underwent the bone transport with 11cm bone defect; D:18-weeks postoperatively, X-ray showing bone transport was complete; E: 11-months postoperatively, X-ray showing osteogenesis were well in lengthening area and bone stumps; F: 18-months postoperatively, X-ray showing bone healing was well after removing the external fixator and the soft tissue defect was healed meanwhile
对于合并皮肤软组织缺损的感染性骨缺损的治疗,目前也存在争议。有学者推荐采用一期进行带血管蒂的皮瓣或肌皮瓣转位术修复创面,再一期或二期进行Ilizarov技术治疗骨缺损[8-10,17]。也有学者建议一期直接采用Ilizarov技术治疗骨与软组织缺损[12,14-16]。本研究146例伴有软组织缺损患者在治疗过程中均未采用带血管蒂的皮瓣或肌皮瓣转位术修复创面。术中皮肤软组织条件好,能直接缝合而不留死腔者,直接闭合伤口。皮肤软组织缺损较大无法覆盖患者,则开放创面换药,只需用碘伏纱布填塞创腔,随着骨延长,皮肤软组织也会得到延长,缺损的创面均得到修复愈合。随着对Ilizarov技术认识的深入,有学者提出了牵张性组织再生原理,即肢体复合组织在缓慢牵张下能够再生和重建[18]。Polo等[19]研究发现,神经、血管、肌肉组织对缓慢牵拉与骨细胞的机制一样,有同样的适应性和再生潜能。我们的临床研究同样证实了在骨延长的同时,皮肤、神经、血管、肌肉组织也能得到延长再生,实现皮肤软组织缺损的修复。因此我们认为,感染性骨缺损合并软组织缺损的患者单独应用Ilizarov技术即可治愈,没有必要再同时使用皮瓣或肌皮瓣进行修复。
总之,Ilizarov技术的治疗核心是以组织再生为基础,逐渐形成一套完整的微创治疗体系,具有疗效确切、方法简单、创伤小、并发症少等优点,能够同步实现感染性骨缺损和软组织缺损的治疗,是治疗胫骨感染性骨缺损的首选治疗方式。
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Treatment of infected bone defect of tibia by ilizarov technique
ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Qun, TANG Pei-fu, LIANG Xiang-dang, ZHANG Li-hai, HAO Ming
Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
ZHANG Qun. Email: zhangqun301@sina.com
ObjectiveTo explore the treatment efficacy of ilizarov technique in infected bone defect of tibia.MethodsThree hundred and fifteen patients (236 males and 79 females) with infected bone defect of tibia who underwent ilizarov technique from January 2008 to December 2012 were observed, their average age was 35 years old (range from 14-72 years old) and the average illness duration was 9 months (range from 2 months-10 years). The infected defect occurred on the proximal tibia in 86 patients, shaft tibia in 92 patients and distal tibia in 137 patients. 146 patients were with soft tissue defects. The average lengthening of bone defects was 8 cm (range from 2-18 cm) with duration of follow-up from 1 to 6 years (average of 28 months). The healings of bone and soft tissue, surgical complications were observed postoperatively.ResultsInfections of all patients were cured and no recurrence was observed. Soft tissue defects were healed. One-stage bone healing was achieved in 63 patients who underwent short lengthening contraction and in 147/252 patients who performed bone transport. Among patients without one-stage bone healing, 97 patients achieved secondary healing by iliac cancellous bone implanting at the bone stumps, 8 patients at the lengthening areas. The foot drop deformity were developed in 8 patients, pin tract infections in 15 patients, 2 patients were fractured again after removing the external fixators, and bone segmental axial deviation in 10 patients. All patients with complications underwent the corresponding treatments and achieved good results.ConclusionCompletely debriding, curing bone nonunion, repairing the soft tissue defects and restore the extremity length can be achieved by ilizarov technique for patients with infected bone defect of tibia, and the outcomes of primary operation are satisfactory.
infectious bone defects; osteomyelitis; ilizarov technique; external fixators
R 681
A
2095-5227(2014)11-1105-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.11.007
时间:2014-07-21 10:17 网络出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140721.1017.001.html
2014-05-11
张伟,男,硕士,主治医师。研究方向:骨与关节创伤。Email: zwtyrran@gmail.com
张群,男,硕士,副主任医师。Email: zhangqun301@ sina.com