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胰腺癌淋巴结转移的特性及手术治疗

2014-07-02傅德良

上海医药 2014年8期
关键词:淋巴结转移手术治疗胰腺癌

傅德良

摘 要 淋巴结转移是胰腺癌转移的主要方式,也是影响预后的重要因素。本文回顾胰头癌淋巴结转移发生的可能途径和转移特性,着重讨论胰头癌淋巴结手术清扫的范围和利弊,目前有关淋巴结清扫的争议、详尽的淋巴结获取分析和准确度肿瘤分期以及更积极的多学科肿瘤治疗是将来胰腺外科努力的发展方向。

关键词 胰腺癌 淋巴结转移 扩大的淋巴结清扫 手术治疗

中图分类号:R735.9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2014)08-0003-05

The characteristics of lymph node metastasis and its surgical procedure

FU Deliang

(Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery of Huashan Hosptial Affiliated

to Fudan University, Pancreatic Cancer institute of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China)

ABSTRACT Lymph node metastasis is a common phenomenon with the positive lymph nodes being distributed over a wide range via a complex pathway, and the lymph node status is one of the most important independent factor influencing the long-time survival in patients with resectable tumors. The detailed pattern and characteristic of lymph node metastasis in patients with pancreatic head cancer were reviewed. There is still a lot of debate about the benefit of extended lymphadenectomy, because pancreatic cancer frequently metastasizes to distant LNs via a complex pathway and develops into systemic disease. Accurate localization and detailed examination of the resected specimen are required for better staging and mode of lymph node metastasis. Aggressive multimodality therapy, including neoadjuvant therapy, is essential to improve the long-term survival of patients at substantial risk of distant.

KEY WORDS pancreatic cancer; lymph node metastasis; extended lymphadenectomy; surgical procedure

胰腺癌恶性程度高,病死率约占年发病率的98.0%,因其发现晚,早期即可发生转移,手术切除率低,仅15.0%的患者在明确诊断时能得到根治性切除。近年来,虽然胰腺癌诊治的研究取得了很大进步,但预后并未得到显著改善,75.0%的患者生存时间小于1年,5年生存率仍徘徊于5.0%,目前认为这主要与其侵袭性生物学特性和早期诊断困难密切相关[1]。越来越多的临床研究表明,淋巴转移是胰腺癌早期主要的转移方式,也是影响胰腺癌手术疗效和预后的重要因素之一[2],已成为胰腺肿瘤外科研究的热点。

1 胰腺癌淋巴结转移的可能途径

胰腺癌淋巴结转移途径一般遵循其淋巴回流途径。胰腺内有丰富的毛细淋巴管网形成淋巴管丛,发出集合淋巴管到达胰腺表面,汇入局部淋巴结,最终汇入腹腔淋巴主干。胰腺各部位淋巴回流途径有所不同,胰腺的淋巴回流基本为按部位多方向就近回流。解剖学研究中常将胰腺分成以下五部分描述淋巴回流的途径[3]。

1.1 胰头前表面

胰头前表面淋巴结称胰十二指肠前淋巴结,其淋巴回流有上下两条途径,向上沿着胃十二指肠动脉回流到肝固有动脉周围,再注入腹腔干淋巴结,向下注入肠系膜动静脉周围淋巴结。除以上两条途径外,胰头前表面中部的淋巴在汇合了幽门下淋巴结的淋巴管后沿着胃结肠干可到达肠系膜上静脉前表面淋巴结。

1.2 胰头后表面

胰头后表面淋巴结称胰十二指肠后淋巴结,解剖学研究表明来自胰头后表面的淋巴管向左走行注入腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉根部周围淋巴结,少数可直接注入腹主动脉与下腔静脉间淋巴结。

1.3 钩突

钩突前后表面的淋巴经肠系膜上动脉及其根部周围到达腹主动脉与下腔静脉间淋巴结。少数情况下,钩突后表面的淋巴管可直接注入腹主动脉与下腔静脉间淋巴结。

1.4 胰颈

从胰颈和部分胰体上半部发出的淋巴管注入肝固有动脉、胃左动脉及脾动脉起始部周围淋巴结,下半部则注入肠系膜上动脉周围淋巴结。

1.5 胰体尾

胰体尾淋巴回流途径有两条:一条沿着脾动静脉周围淋巴结流向腹腔干周围,另一条沿着胰体尾的下沿、胰下动脉周围淋巴结到达肠系膜动静脉周围,该处的淋巴结可与结肠中动脉、结肠系膜淋巴结相联系。

胰腺癌淋巴回流是同区域性的,即某一个区域可通过数条途径收集,某一途径也可收集多个区域淋巴,肿瘤细胞可由淋巴液向多个方向转移,胰腺回流又是整个消化系统回流的一部分,与周围脏器有直接和间接关联,这也揭示了胰腺癌容易转移的根本原因。尽管很早就开始了对胰腺淋巴系统的解剖学研究,积累了很多资料,但至今仍未能向人们清楚地展示胰腺淋巴系统的结构,因为尸体解剖学研究的结果与生理状态下的淋巴回流有着本质区别。目前,已有相关实验研究采用实时荧光显像方法观察到小鼠胰腺癌淋巴道转移途径,但真正显示人体生理状态下胰腺癌淋巴转移途径的研究还不多[4]。

限于对胰腺癌淋巴结转移特性的认识,迄今为止,胰周淋巴结分组分站标准还没有得到统一,较常用的有国际抗癌联盟(UICC)和日本胰腺学会(JPS)的分组标准。UICC(第6版,2002)将胰周区域淋巴结分为12组,包括胰头上(组1)、胰体上(组2)、胰头下(组3)、胰体下(组4)、胰十二指肠前(组5)、幽门(组6)、肠系膜血管根部(组7)、胰十二指肠后(组8)、胆总管(组9)、脾门(组10)、胰尾(组11)和腹腔干(组12),较为笼统。而JPS将其分为三站18组,组1~6,胃周;组7,胃左动脉周围;组8,肝固有动脉周围(组8a,前上方;组8p,后方);组9,腹腔干周周;组10,脾门;组11,脾动脉周围;组12,肝十二指肠韧带中(组12 h,肝门;组12a1,肝动脉上半部分;组12a2,肝动脉下半部分;组12b1,胆管上端;组12b2,胆管下端;组12p1,门静脉后上;组12p2,门静脉后下; 组12c,胆囊管);组13,胰十二指肠后(组13a,壶腹部以上;组13b,壶腹部以下);组14,肠系膜上动脉周围(组14a,肠系膜上动脉根部;组14b,胰十二指肠下动脉根部;组14c,结肠中动脉根部;组14d,空肠动脉的第一条分支处);组15,结肠中动脉;组16,主动脉旁(组16a1,膈肌的主动脉裂孔周围;组16a2,从腹腔干上缘到左肾静脉下缘;组16b1,从左肾静脉下缘到肠系膜下动脉上缘;组16b2,肠系膜下动脉上缘至髂总动脉分叉处);组17,胰十二指肠前(组17a,壶腹部以上;组17b,壶腹部以下);组18,胰体尾下缘。主要按手术后淋巴结廓清分组及其阳性淋巴结的情况分期,能精确界定肿瘤部位及转移情况[5],因此需切除足够的范围和行广泛的淋巴结廓清,并作详细的分组记录和术后病理检查,因而可准确地反映胰腺癌扩散和淋巴结转移的实际情况。胰腺各组淋巴间及其与周围器官间有着直接或间接联系,胰头癌可通过此途径转移至周围邻近器官。

2 胰腺癌淋巴结转移特性

胰腺癌淋巴结转移发生的途径和特性目前还不清楚,只能通过术后各组淋巴结的检测反映其淋巴结转移的发生状态。文献报道60.0%~90.0%的胰腺癌患者手术时已有淋巴结转移[6], JPS报道的822例小胰癌(肿瘤直径<2 cm)中,37.2%的病例已发生淋巴结转移,并在7.7%的病例已转移至第三站淋巴结,表明胰腺癌淋巴结早期都发生转移,且范围较广[7];即使<1 cm的胰腺癌,胰周软组织内已可发现微转移灶,其中30%有淋巴结转移[8]。Kanda等[9]总结429例胰腺癌根治扩大淋巴结清扫(78例全胰切除、278例胰十二指肠切除和73例胰体尾切除)的淋巴结转移结果,发现67.4%已有淋巴结转移,发布广泛,从第4组到第18组都有转移发生,有转移者的中位生存时间明显低于无转移者(11个月比16个月);11.4%有16组淋巴结转移,与肿瘤的血管神经侵犯密切相关,尤其与12组淋巴结转移者关联(图1、2)。

复旦大学附属华山医院胰腺外科应用新型手术显微镜法对150例胰头癌根治性手术(胰十二指肠切除联合区域性淋巴结清扫)标本,根据JPS方法进行淋巴结检出,每例找到淋巴结数平均为38.2枚,其中101例有淋巴结转移(淋巴结转移发生率为67.3%)。转移频率较高的淋巴结组有组13 (64.5%)、组14(51.7%)、组17(38.6%)、组12(25.8%)和组16(20.8%)(图3),尤其发现组16阳性的淋巴结均属组16b1,主要分布于腹主动脉、下腔静脉和左肾静脉围成的三角形区域内,与组12、13、14和17淋巴结的转移密切相关[10]。此外,许多学者认为,胰腺癌淋巴回流为顺行性,肿瘤细胞很可能是通过组14,从组13转移至组16(组13→组14→组16)。这些研究都提示淋巴转移是胰腺癌首要的转移方式,在进行胰腺癌手术治疗时应予以足够的重视和高度的关注。

同时,胰腺癌的淋巴结转移也是影响预后的重要因素之一。统计资料显示,根治性手术后病理检查淋巴结阴性胰腺癌患者的5年生存率为14.0%~57.0%,而在阳性患者仅为0.0%~7.7%[11]。Schwarz等[12]统计1 666例胰腺癌根治标本中淋巴结总数、淋巴结转移阳性数和阴性数,结果发现,标本检出的淋巴结总数及阴性淋巴结数与患者的中位生存期密切相关,尤其当淋巴结转移阴性数为10~15时,生存期显著延长。Pawlik等[13]分析905例行胰十二指肠切除术后标本中已发生转移淋巴结占淋巴结总数比例(LNR),随访患者十年余,中位生存期为17.4个月,但发现LNR分别为0、0~0.2、0.2~0.4、>0.4时,患者的中位生存期有显著不同,分别为25.3、21.7、15.3、12.2个月,推测LNR是更有临床意义的肿瘤分期和判断预后的指标。

3 胰腺癌手术淋巴结清扫

通过手术将胰腺癌原发灶连同周围相关的淋巴结、淋巴管和神经组织一起整块切除,可以减少肿瘤复发转移的机会,从而改善患者的生存率,因此,淋巴结清扫在胰腺癌根治术中占有重要地位,是治疗胰腺癌淋巴结转移的有效方法,虽然,手术切除的范围和有效性受到质疑,但手术治疗结果已有明显改进,淋巴结转移仍是影响预后的重要因素,同样接受根治性手术治疗,有淋巴结转移者的5年生存率低于10.0%,而无淋巴结转移者可达40.0%~60.0%[14-15]。

胰头癌早期时就可发生淋巴结转移,且转移范围可较为广泛,理论上认为,在进行胰头癌根治性手术中,不管肿瘤大小如何,均应作区域性淋巴结清扫(图4),即在经典胰十二指肠切除术基础上增加:①清扫肝十二指肠韧带区域软组织和淋巴结(肝十二指肠韧带骨骼化);②清扫腹腔动脉干周围淋巴结(组7、8、9淋巴结);③组16淋巴结及其胰头周围软组织清扫(包括自肝下至肾前腹膜及其软组织的清除,腹主动脉及下腔静脉血管鞘及周围软组织和淋巴结);④清扫肠系膜上动脉周围淋巴脂肪组织,动脉完全骨骼化。在胰体尾手术时应该增加组8、组14和16a2,16b1亚组淋巴结的清扫[16]。

图4 胰腺癌淋巴结清扫范围

4 胰腺癌淋巴结清扫的争议

对于胰腺癌根治术中进行扩大淋巴结廓清术的临床获益目前尚无定论。有限的随机临床对照试验表明,进行扩大到淋巴结的清扫并没有显著延长患者的生存期,清扫到第2站淋巴结的根治术仍然是目前的标准治疗手段[17]。

Nagakawa等[18]分析了25年间肉眼下达到根治性切除的66例胰头十二指肠切除术患者资料,认为由于胰腺癌70.0%有胰后侵犯,要想达到治愈性根治必需行包括肠系膜上静脉和胰后筋膜在内的广泛切除和淋巴清扫。而另有学者对此持反对态度,认为广泛的腹膜后淋巴结清扫和腹腔干动脉、肝动脉及肠系膜上动脉完全骨骼化可增加手术并发症和死亡率,尤其是产生的顽固性腹泻严重影响患者的生活质量[19],但区域性淋巴结清扫确可提高部分淋巴结转移患者的疗效[20]。因此,对胰腺癌淋巴转移特性认识的不足引发了对根治手术淋巴清扫范围的争议,尤其是对腹主动脉周围淋巴结清扫的关注。Doi等[21]研究发现,84.0%的腹主动脉旁淋巴结阳性胰腺癌患者死于根治术后1年内,腹主动脉旁淋巴结有无转移与胰腺癌患者的预后独立相关,手术清扫价值值得商榷。Yamada等[22]认为对于特定的年龄小于60岁、肿瘤小于4 cm、没有血管侵犯、估计腹主动脉淋巴结转移只有1个的患者,仍然可以从扩大淋巴结清扫术中获益。所以,根治性手术切除目前仍是胰腺癌患者获得长期生存的唯一有效方法,但仍需得到临床实践的证实[23]。

如何合理进行淋巴结清扫,至今尚无前瞻性大宗病例随机对照研究和多中心研究报道。随着对胰腺癌淋巴结转移特性认识的提高,对有关胰腺癌淋巴结清扫的认识已受到重视,进行合理的淋巴结廓清以提高胰头癌患者的生存率已成为胰腺肿瘤外科工作的重点。通过对淋巴结转移特性的研究,我们认为目前胰头癌合理的淋巴结清扫范围应包括:①肝十二指肠韧带骨骼化,自肝门下清扫肝十二指肠韧带内淋巴脂肪组织;②清扫胃左动脉根部、肝总动脉和腹腔动脉旁淋巴脂肪组织;③清扫组16a2和组16b1淋巴结及胰头后方软组织,包括自肝下至肠系膜下动脉间、右侧至右肾门、左侧至腹主动脉左缘的腹主动脉和下腔静脉前、侧方淋巴结;④清扫横结肠系膜根部、肠系膜上动、静脉周围含神经丛的淋巴脂肪组织,但至少保留肠系膜上动脉一侧的神经丛,以尽可能减少术后顽固性腹泻的产生。

胰腺癌仍是世界上难以攻克的医学难题,目前对其淋巴结转移的特点、方式和范围知之甚少,且淋巴结转移发生早、发生广更是影响其预后的重要因素。虽然,根治性手术是胰腺癌患者获得长期生存的有效手段,但由于胰腺癌特殊的转移生物学特性,进行淋巴结神经组织清扫的作用有限,对于淋巴结转移到治疗需要采用多学科协同治疗手段,如放化疗、肿瘤分子靶向治疗和淋巴靶向治疗方可取得更好的效果。

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[14] Kurahara H, Takao S, Maemura K, et al. Impact of lymph node micrometastasis in patients with pancreatic head cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2007, 31(3): 483-490.

[15] Hellan M, Sun CL, Artinyan A, et al. The impact of lymph node number on survival in patients with lymph node-negative pancreatic cancer[J]. Pancreas, 2008, 37(1): 19-24

[16] Pedrazzoli S, Beger HG, Obertop H, et al. A surgical and pathological based classification of resective treatment of pancreatic cancer. Summary of an international workshop on surgical procedures in pancreatic cancer[J]. Dig Surg, 1999, 16(4): 337-345.

[17] Shrikhande SV, Barreto SG. Extended pancreatic resections and lymphadenectomy: An appraisal of the current evidence[J]. World J Gastrointest Surg, 2010, 2(2): 39-46.

[18] Nagakawa T, Nagamori M, Futakami F, et al. Results of extensive surgery for pancreatic carcinoma [J]. Cancer, 1996, 77(4): 640-645.

[19] Pedrazzoli S, Michelassi F. Extent of lymphedencomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarinoma of the head of the pancreas[J]. J Gastointestinal Surg, 2000, 4(3): 229-230.

[20] Farnell MB, Aranha GV, Nimura Y, et al. The role of extended lymphadenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: strength of the evidence[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2008, 12(4): 651-656.

[21] Doi R, Kami K, Ito D, et al. Prognostic implication of para-aortic lymph node metastasis in resectable pancreatic cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2007, 31(1): 147-154.

[22] Yamada S, Nakao A, Fujii T, et al. Pancreatic cancer with paraaortic lymph node metastasis: a contraindication for radical surgery?[J]. Pancreas, 2009, 38(1): e13-17.

[23] Schnelldorfer T, Ware AL, Sarr MG, et al. Long-term survival after pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: is cure possible?[J]. Ann Surg, 2008, 247(3): 456-462.

(收稿日期:2014-03-12)

[8] Bogoevski D, Yekebas EF, Schurr P, et al. Mode of spread in the early phase of lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: prognostic significance of nodal microinvolvement[J]. Ann Surg, 2004, 240(6): 993-1001.

[9] Kanda M, Fujii T, Nagai S, et al. Pattern of lymph node metastasis spread in pancreatic cancer[J]. Pancreas, 2011, 40(6): 951-955.

[10] 蒋永剑, 阎九亮, 金忱, 等. 150例根治性切除胰头癌淋巴结转移的分布和特点[J]. 中华肝胆外科杂志, 2012, 18(7): 494-498

[11] Carr JA1, Ajlouni M, Wollner I, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: effects of surgical and nonsurgical therapy[J]. Am Surg, 1999, 65(12): 1143-1149.

[12] Schwarz RE, Smith DD. Extent of lymph node retrieval and pancreatic cancer survival: information from a large US population database[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2006, 13(9): 1189-1200.

[13] Pawlik TM, Gleisner AL, Cameron JL, et al. Prognostic relevance of lymph node ratio following pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer[J]. Surgery, 2007, 141(5): 610-618.

[14] Kurahara H, Takao S, Maemura K, et al. Impact of lymph node micrometastasis in patients with pancreatic head cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2007, 31(3): 483-490.

[15] Hellan M, Sun CL, Artinyan A, et al. The impact of lymph node number on survival in patients with lymph node-negative pancreatic cancer[J]. Pancreas, 2008, 37(1): 19-24

[16] Pedrazzoli S, Beger HG, Obertop H, et al. A surgical and pathological based classification of resective treatment of pancreatic cancer. Summary of an international workshop on surgical procedures in pancreatic cancer[J]. Dig Surg, 1999, 16(4): 337-345.

[17] Shrikhande SV, Barreto SG. Extended pancreatic resections and lymphadenectomy: An appraisal of the current evidence[J]. World J Gastrointest Surg, 2010, 2(2): 39-46.

[18] Nagakawa T, Nagamori M, Futakami F, et al. Results of extensive surgery for pancreatic carcinoma [J]. Cancer, 1996, 77(4): 640-645.

[19] Pedrazzoli S, Michelassi F. Extent of lymphedencomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarinoma of the head of the pancreas[J]. J Gastointestinal Surg, 2000, 4(3): 229-230.

[20] Farnell MB, Aranha GV, Nimura Y, et al. The role of extended lymphadenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: strength of the evidence[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2008, 12(4): 651-656.

[21] Doi R, Kami K, Ito D, et al. Prognostic implication of para-aortic lymph node metastasis in resectable pancreatic cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2007, 31(1): 147-154.

[22] Yamada S, Nakao A, Fujii T, et al. Pancreatic cancer with paraaortic lymph node metastasis: a contraindication for radical surgery?[J]. Pancreas, 2009, 38(1): e13-17.

[23] Schnelldorfer T, Ware AL, Sarr MG, et al. Long-term survival after pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: is cure possible?[J]. Ann Surg, 2008, 247(3): 456-462.

(收稿日期:2014-03-12)

[8] Bogoevski D, Yekebas EF, Schurr P, et al. Mode of spread in the early phase of lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: prognostic significance of nodal microinvolvement[J]. Ann Surg, 2004, 240(6): 993-1001.

[9] Kanda M, Fujii T, Nagai S, et al. Pattern of lymph node metastasis spread in pancreatic cancer[J]. Pancreas, 2011, 40(6): 951-955.

[10] 蒋永剑, 阎九亮, 金忱, 等. 150例根治性切除胰头癌淋巴结转移的分布和特点[J]. 中华肝胆外科杂志, 2012, 18(7): 494-498

[11] Carr JA1, Ajlouni M, Wollner I, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: effects of surgical and nonsurgical therapy[J]. Am Surg, 1999, 65(12): 1143-1149.

[12] Schwarz RE, Smith DD. Extent of lymph node retrieval and pancreatic cancer survival: information from a large US population database[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2006, 13(9): 1189-1200.

[13] Pawlik TM, Gleisner AL, Cameron JL, et al. Prognostic relevance of lymph node ratio following pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer[J]. Surgery, 2007, 141(5): 610-618.

[14] Kurahara H, Takao S, Maemura K, et al. Impact of lymph node micrometastasis in patients with pancreatic head cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2007, 31(3): 483-490.

[15] Hellan M, Sun CL, Artinyan A, et al. The impact of lymph node number on survival in patients with lymph node-negative pancreatic cancer[J]. Pancreas, 2008, 37(1): 19-24

[16] Pedrazzoli S, Beger HG, Obertop H, et al. A surgical and pathological based classification of resective treatment of pancreatic cancer. Summary of an international workshop on surgical procedures in pancreatic cancer[J]. Dig Surg, 1999, 16(4): 337-345.

[17] Shrikhande SV, Barreto SG. Extended pancreatic resections and lymphadenectomy: An appraisal of the current evidence[J]. World J Gastrointest Surg, 2010, 2(2): 39-46.

[18] Nagakawa T, Nagamori M, Futakami F, et al. Results of extensive surgery for pancreatic carcinoma [J]. Cancer, 1996, 77(4): 640-645.

[19] Pedrazzoli S, Michelassi F. Extent of lymphedencomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarinoma of the head of the pancreas[J]. J Gastointestinal Surg, 2000, 4(3): 229-230.

[20] Farnell MB, Aranha GV, Nimura Y, et al. The role of extended lymphadenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: strength of the evidence[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2008, 12(4): 651-656.

[21] Doi R, Kami K, Ito D, et al. Prognostic implication of para-aortic lymph node metastasis in resectable pancreatic cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2007, 31(1): 147-154.

[22] Yamada S, Nakao A, Fujii T, et al. Pancreatic cancer with paraaortic lymph node metastasis: a contraindication for radical surgery?[J]. Pancreas, 2009, 38(1): e13-17.

[23] Schnelldorfer T, Ware AL, Sarr MG, et al. Long-term survival after pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: is cure possible?[J]. Ann Surg, 2008, 247(3): 456-462.

(收稿日期:2014-03-12)

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