帕瑞昔布钠超前镇痛对髋关节置换术患者IL-6和TNF-α的影响
2014-05-25张阿芳
张阿芳
(驻马店市中医院骨伤科,河南 驻马店 463000)
帕瑞昔布钠超前镇痛对髋关节置换术患者IL-6和TNF-α的影响
张阿芳
(驻马店市中医院骨伤科,河南 驻马店 463000)
目的 探讨帕瑞昔布钠超前镇痛对髋关节置换术后患者炎症细胞因子的影响,并进一步观察术后镇痛效果。方法 本组患者60例,年龄40~65岁,ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,择期在全麻下行髋关节置换术。随机分成观察组和对照组,每组30例。麻醉前20 min观察组静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg(用生理盐水稀释成4 mL),对照组静脉注射生理盐水4 mL。分别于静推帕瑞昔布钠或生理盐水前10 min(T1)、术毕(T2)、术后6 h(T3)、术后12 h(T4)、术后24 h(T5)采上肢静脉血样,测定IL-6、TNF-α的血浆浓度。采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价术毕即刻、术后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h镇痛效果。结果 患者血浆IL-6浓度于T3、T4、T5时点较术前显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组血浆IL-6浓度于T3、T4、T5时点比对照组显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。患者血浆TNF-α浓度于T4、T5时点较术前显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组血浆TNF-α浓度在T4、T5时间点比对照组显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者在术毕即刻、术后2 h、6 h、12 h VAS评分均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 帕瑞昔布钠超前镇痛可有效缓解全髋关节置换术患者术后疼痛,抑制炎性介质释放,降低神经系统敏感性,利于患者术后康复。
帕瑞昔布钠;超前镇痛;髋关节置换术;IL-6;TNF-α
髋关节置换术(total hip replacement ,THR)是以人造髋关节置换所有或部分髋关节,重建关节运动功能的一种修复性手术,是治疗多种终末期髋关节疾病最有效最普遍的方法[1]。THR能够矫正髋关节畸形,恢复髋关节功能,但髋关节置换手术所致创伤较大,而手术创伤可引起术后疼痛,并产生一系列炎症反应。Dahl等[2]认为,超前镇痛是指在伤害性刺激作用机体前采取措施,防止中枢和外周神经敏感化,消除或减轻伤害性刺激所致疼痛。环氧化酶(COX)抑制剂可通过降低外周COX与前列腺素(PGs)合成酶的活性,抑制外周敏感化,从而达到超前镇痛的目的。帕瑞昔布钠是一种新型非甾体解热镇痛药(NSAIDs),具有抗炎、镇痛、解热的作用。本研究旨在探讨帕瑞昔布钠超前镇痛对THR患者术后炎性细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α的影响和术后镇痛效果。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2013年9月至2014年4月在驻马店市中医院择期行髋关节置换术患者60例为研究对象,性别不限,年龄43~68岁,体质量51~75 kg,ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,无免疫系统疾病,心、肝、肺、肾功能未见异常,术前4周未接受过阿片类药物或非甾体类药物治疗, 无感染症状,无药物过敏史及慢性疼痛史,无长期服用麻醉性镇痛药物史。将该60例患者随机分为观察组与对照组,每组30例。两组患者性别、年龄、体质量、身高、手术时间、术中失血量等一般情况比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
表1 两组患者一般资料及术中情况比较(x±s,n=30)
1.2 麻醉和实验方法
患者进入手术室,常规监测生命体征。麻醉前20 min观察组静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg(用生理盐水稀释成4 mL),对照组静脉注射生理盐水4 mL。诱导麻醉:采用咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、芬太尼2 μg/kg、异丙酚 1.5~2.0 mg/kg或依托咪酯0.2 mg/kg 、维库溴铵 0.08 mg/kg对两组患者进行麻醉诱导,为患者行气管插管,气管插管成功后行机械辅助呼吸,潮气量8~10 mL/kg,随时调节呼吸参数,维持呼气末二氧化碳浓度(PETCO2)在35~35 mmHg。常规复苏后拔气管插管。
1.3 观察指标及检测方法
全部患者分别于静推帕瑞昔布钠或生理盐水前10 min(T1)、术毕即刻(T2)、6 h(T3)、12 h(T4)、24 h(T5)各时间点抽取上肢静脉血样。采用酶联免疫吸附试验双抗体夹心法测定不同时间点IL-6、TNF-α血浆浓度。观察两组患者术毕即刻、术后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h静态和动态视觉模拟评分(VAS),评价患者疼痛程度(0分为无痛,10分为剧痛),通常认为VAS≤3分为镇痛效果好。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS11.0软件包进行数据分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示;组内比较采用重复测量资料方差分析;观察组和对照组比较采用t检验(方差齐时)或t'检验(方差不齐时);计数资料比较采用卡方检验。 P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果
2.1 两组患者炎性细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α血浆浓度比较
患者IL-6血浆浓度于T3、T4、T5时间点均较术前显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者比较,观察组血浆IL-6浓度在T3、T4、T5时间点比对照组显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。患者血浆TNF-α浓度于T4、T5时间点较术前显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组TNF-α浓度在T4、T5时间点比对照组显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
表2 两组患者 IL-6、TNF-α的平均血浆浓度(x±s,n=30)
2.2 两组患者VAS评分比较
两组患者比较,观察组患者在术毕、术后2 h、6 h、12 h VAS评分均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后24 h VAS评分观察组和对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05 ),见表3。
表3 两组患者视觉模拟评分比较(x±s, n=30)
3 讨 论
THR是沿患侧髋关节作一切口,首先暴露髋关节,其次切除股骨头及髋关节窝,最后将人工关节头和金属杆置入股骨,再将塑料关节窝置入已扩大的骨盆关节凹内。由于该手术创面较大,可导致患者术中、术后产生中度至重度疼痛。THR可对患者产生伤害刺激及炎症反应,导致炎性介质、致痛物质等大量释放,除造成直接疼痛外,还可引发组织水肿、血管扩张,降低疼痛阈值,并导致周围痛觉过敏[3]。
生理状态下,抗炎细胞因子(IL-4、IL-10、IL-11、IL-13、IL-β)和促炎细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-l、IL-6、IL-8)两种因子处于脆弱平衡,该平衡容易被手术创伤等异常情况打破。促炎细胞因子与伤害刺激间存在反馈级联效应,而疼痛体验也可使促炎细胞因子水平升高。目前研究显示,TNF-α和IL-6是在手术或创伤早期表达最早最敏感的组织损伤标志,他们的升高水平与组织损伤程度密切相关[4]。IL-6是代表机体组织损伤程度和炎性反应的重要指标。IL-6 作为细胞因子中与疾病转归及愈后关系密切的炎症介质之一,处于枢纽位置,手术创伤早期机体可生成大量 IL-6,且血清IL-6水平可反映应激反应的强烈程度[5]。本研究显示,患者血浆 IL-6 在术毕不同时点均较术前显著升高,表明手术创伤刺激令机体产生急性炎症反应,使血浆中 IL-6 急剧升高。观察组术后6 h、12 h、24h血浆 IL-6浓度均显著低于对照组,是由于两组患者组织损伤范围、程度及麻醉方式相似,所以认为,血浆 IL-6 浓度变化可能由帕瑞昔布钠通过抑制PGs合成,减少炎症因子生成所导致。 TNF-α 是机体接触伤害性刺激后所分泌的炎性细胞因子,能增强巨噬细胞吞噬功能,主要生物活性是致使肿瘤细胞坏死,且具有抗感染及免疫调节作用。TNF-α常作为表达炎性细胞因子分泌情况的标志物。本研究结果显示,患者血浆 TNF-α 浓度于术后12 h、24 h较术前显著升高。观察组血浆 TNF-α 浓度于术后12 h、24 h显著低于对照组。此结果显示,帕瑞昔布钠能抑制术后 TNF-α 的释放,说明帕瑞昔布钠在平衡炎症细胞因子方面有较好作用。
帕瑞昔布钠是伐地昔布酰胺的前体化合物,静注后迅速被肝脏羧酸酯酶水解成伐地昔布[6],伐地昔布在治疗浓度时能选择性抑制环氧化酶-2(COX-2),能抑制PGs合成,发挥镇痛抗炎作用。本组THR术后患者VAS评分显示,观察组患者术毕即刻、术后2 h、6 h、12 h VAS评分均显著低于对照组。说明本实验中帕瑞昔布钠在一定程度上增强了THR术后镇痛效果,但随术后时间延长,药效逐渐减弱,其镇痛作用也在逐渐减弱。这可能与伐地昔布的作用时间有关。
综上所述,预先应用帕瑞昔布钠超前镇痛,可减少THR患者炎性细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α释放,有效提高术后镇痛质量,对THR患者术后康复有重要意义。
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(责任编辑:刘俊华)
Effects of IL-6, TNF-α of preemptive analgesia with parecoxib sodium on the patients with total hip replacement
ZHANG Afang
( Zhumadian City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhumadian 463000, China )
Objective To investigate the affected inflammatory cytokines of preemptive analgesia with parecoxib sodium on the patients with hip replacement, and observe the postoperative analgesia. Methods 60 cases aged 40 to 65 years, ASA Ⅰ - Ⅱ grade, under general anesthesia for elective hip arthroplasty were randomly divided into observation group and control group, 30 cases in each group. Before general anesthesia for 20 min, the patients of observation group were injected parecoxib sodium 40 mg (diluted with saline to 4 mL) intravenously, the patients of control group were given saline 4 mL intravenously. Before bolus parecoxib sodium or saline 10 min (T1), end of the surgery (T2), after 6 h (T3), Postoperative 12 h (T4), Postoperative 24 h (T5) Exsanguinate vein blood samples and detecting the inflammatory cytokine interleukin -6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inthe plasma concentrations respectively. Using a visual analogue scale (VAS) evaluation of surgery immediately, after operation for 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h analgesic effects were observed . Results Inflammatory cytokines: The IL-6 plasma concentration of the two groups were significantly higher at the time point T3,T4 and T5 than preoperation. There was statistical difference between the 2 groups(P<0.05). The IL-6 plasma concentration of the experimental group at the time point T3,T4 and T5 was obviously lower than that of the control group(P<0.05). The TNF-α plasma concentration of the two groups were significantly higher at the time point T4 and T5 than pre-operation (P<0.05). The TNF-α plasma concentration of the experimental group at the time point T4 and T5 were obviously lower than that of the control group and there was statistical difference(P<0.05). Stress hormone concentration: The plasma concentration of the two groups at the different time point were clearly higher than that before operation and there was statistical difference(P<0.05). The plasma concentration of the experimental group at the different time points T2,T3, T4 and T5 were obviously lower than that of the control group. The plasma E concentration of the two groups at the time point T2 were obviously higher than that before operation. The plasma E concentration of the experimental group at the time point T2 were obviously lower than that of the control group and there was statistical difference(P<0.05). The evaluation result of VAS: The VAS evaluation results of the experimental group at the different time points ---the very end of the operation, 2h, 6h,12h after the operation, were significantly lower than that of the control group and there was a significant difference between the 2 groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Parecoxib sodium preemptive analgesia can relieve postoperative pain in total hip arthroplasty patients, inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators, reduce the sensitivity of the nervous system, which will help the rehabilitation of patients after surgery.
parecoxib sodium; preemptive analgesia; total hip replacement; IL-6; TNF-α
R614
A
1674-490X(2014)03-0043-04
2014-04-20
张阿芳(1983—),女,河南上蔡人,主治医师,主要从事骨科临床研究。E-mail: 1565906379@qq.com