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12 Years a Slave为奴十二年:自由之路,道阻且长

2014-05-09散步的鱼

新东方英语 2014年5期
关键词:黑奴奴隶信仰

散步的鱼

Solomon Northup是一个生活在纽约州的自由的非洲裔美国人。1841年,他在华盛顿遭人绑架,被贩卖到美国南方,成了一名奴隶。在饱尝了12年的痛苦与屈辱生活之后,他终于从路易斯安那州回到了故乡。1853年,他创作并出版了回忆录《为奴十二年》(Twelve Years a Slave)。2013年,黑人导演Steve McQueen将这个故事搬上银幕,同名影片《为奴十二年》(12 Years a Slave)在第86届奥斯卡颁奖典礼上大放异彩,一举获得最佳影片、最佳女配角和最佳改编剧本三项大奖。

19世纪40年代,在南北战争爆发前20年,美国南方蓄奴州的黑人在残酷的剥削和压迫下从事着繁重的体力劳动,在奴隶制度下过着非人的生活。而在北方的某些自由州,黑人则以自由人的身份过着相对稳定的生活。影片的主人公黑人Solomon Northup便是生活在纽约州的一个自由人。Solomon是一名小提琴演奏家,有一位美丽的妻子和一对可爱的儿女,生活平静而快乐。由于Solomon在音乐上的才华,他受到当地人的尊重,许多白人对他也以礼相待。一天,Solomon遇到前来寻访他的两位白人,他们邀请Solomon前往华盛顿,为他们的表演伴奏,并承诺给予他丰厚的报酬。两人彬彬有礼的态度赢得了Solomon的好感,他们给出的报酬也令Solomon心动,于是他欣然应允,跟随两人到了华盛顿。

在华盛顿度过了一个愉快的夜晚之后,Solomon从沉睡中醒来,却发现自己正躺在一间黑暗肮脏的小屋里,手上、脚上都戴着沉重的镣铐。此时,两个陌生男人走了进来,他们告诉Solomon,他现在是一名奴隶。Solomon想要争辩,陌生男人却举起木板,对着他的后背一顿暴打。面对飞来横祸,Solomon欲哭无泪。他对着狭窄的窗口呼救,却无人回应。冰冷的铁窗外是被明媚艳阳照耀的城市,分布四周的工厂正冒着浓烈的黑烟。那是1841年的华盛顿,城市工业正在迅猛地发展,文明社会近在咫尺,政治中心也近在咫尺,然而原始的罪恶却在暗中进行,人性的贪婪吞噬了人的良知。

与Solomon关押在一起的还有另外几个被绑架的黑人,其中包括Clemens、Eliza和她的一对儿女。Clemens告诉Solomon,等待他们的命运将是被送往美国南部,然后被投入奴隶市场贩卖。果然,在一个深夜,Solomon一行人被叫醒,随后被偷偷押上了南下的轮船。在黑暗的船舱里,Clemens告诉Solomon,要想活下去就得隐藏自己的真实身份。船舱里的另一位同伴则认为他们应该联合起来反抗,以获得自由。Solomon左右权衡,还是不愿苟且偷生,他认为自由比生存更重要。

A Black Fellow: I say we fight.

Solomon: The crew is fairly small. If it were well planned, I believe they could be strong armed.

Clemens: Three cant go against a whole crew. The rest here are niggers, born and bred slaves. Niggers aint got no stomach for a fight. Not a damn one.

A Black Fellow: Alls I know, we get where were travelling … Well wish wed died trying.

Clemens: Survival is not about certain death. It is about keeping your head down.

Solomon: Days ago I was with my family, in my home. Now you tell me all is lost. Tell no one who I am. Thats the way to survive? Well, I dont want to survive; I want to live.

夜里,船上的看守来到漆黑的船舱,试图对Eliza进行侵犯。同伴起身阻拦,随即被看守一刀刺入胸膛,其尸体被丢进大海,消失在汹涌的浪涛之中。那是Solomon第一次意识到黑奴的命运如此不堪,他们的生命卑微如草芥,随时可能化为泡沫。而Solomon想要反抗的决心也被冷酷的现实打压了下来。

绝境求生

被贩卖的Solomon有了一个全新的身份——奴隶Platt。在黑奴交易市场,Platt一行人像牲口一样在众目睽睽之下冲洗身体,然后被送到房间里任由买家挑选。Platt和Eliza同时被奴隶主Ford选中。Eliza苦苦哀求Ford把她的儿子和女儿也一起买走,但健壮的小男孩很快被其他买主挑走。出于同情,Ford私下与卖家商议买下小女孩,却被拒绝了。卖家暗示小女孩样貌不错,长大以后会给他带来更多收益。

Platt和伤心欲绝的Eliza被带到了Ford家,Ford和家人所展现的温厚与善意令Platt心中燃起了一丝希望。第二天,Platt被安排加入黑奴的队伍进行伐木工作,看管他们的是一脸严肃的监工Chapin和性情乖张的木匠Tibeats。伐木工作繁重而劳累,Platt与同伴们每天辛苦地劳作。闲暇时,奴隶们则被召集在一起,听Ford诵读《圣经》。

在劳作中,Platt无意发现附近有条小河,如果用来运输木材将大大降低运输成本。他随即向Ford提议开辟水路,Ford同意让他尝试。凭借自己的智慧和经验,Platt带领同伴们成功开辟了水路。这为他赢得了同伴的称赞,也赢得了Ford的肯定,Ford还将一把小提琴送给Platt作为奖赏。然而,这一切却引起了Tibeats的嫉恨,他将Platt列入了敌人的行列。

与亲生骨肉分别的Eliza日日沉浸在悲痛中,终日哭泣不止。Platt终于忍无可忍,对Eliza大声训斥,而Eliza却认为Platt已经开始忘却痛苦,忘却了自己本来的身份。

Platt: Eliza, Eliza. Stop! Stop your wailing! You let yourself be overcome by sorrow. You will drown in it.

Eliza: Have you stopped crying for your children? You make no sounds, but will you ever let them go in your heart?

Platt: They are as my flesh …

Eliza: Then who is distressed? Do I upset the master and the mistress? Do you care less about my loss than their well-being?

Platt: Master Ford is a decent man.

Eliza: He is a slaver!

Platt: Under the circumstances …

Eliza: Under the circumstances, he is a slaver! But you truckle (讨好,谄媚) at his boot.

Platt: No.

Eliza: You luxuriate (沉湎于) in his favor.

Platt: I survive! I will not fall into despair! I will offer up my talents to Master Ford. I will keep myself hearty until freedom is opportune (适时的)!

Eliza: Ford is your opportunity. You think he does not know that you are more than you suggest? But he does nothing for you. Nothing. You are no better than prized livestock. Call for him. Call! Tell him of your previous circumstances, and see what it earns you, Solomon. So youre settled into your role as Platt, then?

Platt: My back is thick with scars for protesting my freedom! Do not accuse me.

由于Eliza长时间的悲戚,她在不久之后便被人带走,下落不明。Eliza曾向Platt讲述过自己的故事,她曾经深受前主人的宠爱,生下一对儿女,可就在前主人离世后,他的女儿便将他们卖给了奴隶贩子。Eliza的经历向Platt昭示了一个残酷的事实:奴隶主的恩宠脆弱且虚幻,他们永远无法给奴隶带来真正的自由。这让Platt陷入痛苦的沉思之中。

与此同时,心怀嫉恨的Tibeats开始对Platt百般挑剔。一次,Tibeats对Platt进行恶意的羞辱和攻击,Platt奋起反击,将Tibeats打倒在地。气急败坏的Tibeats召集了同伙,找Platt寻仇。他们将Platt吊在树上,想置他于死地,幸好被监工Chapin及时救下。然而,Chapin却没有为Platt松绑。在漫长的午后,Platt脖子上套着绳索,踮着脚尖踩在湿滑的泥地上,支撑着无法直立的身体,痛苦不堪。直到日暮时分,Ford才匆匆赶来,砍断了绳索。

Ford告诉Platt,Tibeats一定不会善罢甘休,因此他只能将Platt转卖给另一个奴隶主Epps。Platt抱着最后一丝希望哀求Ford解救他,却没有得到想要的结果。

Ford: He wants you dead, and he will have it so. Its no longer safe for you here. And I dont believe you will remain passive if Tibeats attacks. I have transferred my debt to Edwin Epps. He will take charge of you.

Platt: Master Ford, you must know that I am not a slave.

Ford: I cannot hear that.

Platt: Before I came to you, I was a freeman.

Ford: I am trying to save your life! And I have a debt to be mindful of. And that is to Edwin Epps now. He is a hard man, prides himself on being a “nigger breaker.” But truthfully, I could find no others who would take you. Youve made a reputation of yourself. Whatever the circumstances, you are an exceptional nigger, Platt. But I fear no good will come of it.

应了Eliza之前所说的话,Ford对Platt的身世根本毫不关心。Ford虔诚地信仰上帝,心怀善念,对奴隶的悲惨命运充满同情,甚至在某一刻愿意伸手帮助他们。然而,奴隶的命运与他自身的利益相比,他更看重后者。Ford一方面在对上帝的信仰中坚守着对生命的善意,另一方面又依赖并享受着奴隶制度为他创造的价值和财富。归根结底,他还是一个奴隶主,依靠奴隶的劳动而生存,吸纳他们的生命养分来维持自己的生活所需。对于Platt而言,寄予Ford解救自己的希望彻底落空了,他又被抛入命运的漩涡之中,不知道会被卷去何方。

命运悲歌

Platt的新主人Epps是一个性情残暴又敏感多疑的人,他拥有一大片棉花田,还有一套专门惩罚奴隶的规定。白天,黑奴们在炎热的棉花田里工作,如果谁摘的棉花重量低于前一天,就要遭受鞭打。夜晚,Epps如果突然兴起,会叫醒疲倦的奴隶们,逼迫他们跳舞供自己取乐。黑奴中有一个叫Patsey的女孩深得Epps的喜爱,她不仅年轻漂亮,而且每天摘的棉花数量最多。尽管是奴隶,她却对生活充满热情。她常常坐在草地上,用叶子编织漂亮的人偶,嘴里哼着歌。当奴隶们被迫在深夜跳舞的时候,她也是跳得最欢快的那一个。Patsey的美丽与活力燃起了Epps心中的欲火,他对她产生了某种扭曲的情感。也正因为如此,Epps夫人对Patsey充满了嫉恨,时常打骂和羞辱她。Patsey一方面要忍受Epps的性侵和虐待,一方面还要忍受女主人的侮辱和迫害,内心痛苦不堪。她曾经乞求Platt结束她的生命,但被Platt拒绝了。

Epps的棉田发生了虫害,他认为这是奴隶们带来的灾难。Epps也信仰上帝,但他的信仰更多的是为自己的罪恶进行掩护。他将财富看做上天对他的恩赐,而将灾害归罪于奴隶们。在他的心里,黑奴是异教徒,是罪恶之源,他对他们的惩罚是对上帝的尊重和对信仰的维护。但与此同时,他却对Patsey生出了强烈的爱慕和渴望。他一方面无法控制自己的情欲,一方面又将这样的欲望归结于黑奴的罪恶引诱,于是用残暴的方式对待Patsey。他将扭曲的人性嫁接于虚幻的信仰之上,宗教的真谛早就被他抛之门外。

虫害过后,黑奴们又回到了以前的生活。Patsey仍然是摘棉花最快的一个,无论人生多么绝望,她的劳动标准却从未降低。Platt再次因为摘得少而遭到鞭打,但他对此早已习以为常。在多年的奴隶生涯中,Platt已经变得麻木、隐忍。此时,奴隶队伍中新加入了一个白人Armsby,他曾当过监工,后因嗜酒而沦落到与黑奴一起劳动的地步。Armsby对Platt讲述了自己的经历,对黑奴的生活表示了同情。

Platt: How did you arrive at such a place, if I may ask?

Armsby: Ask. Its just conversation. I became a little too dependent on the whisky, a little too undependable on the job. Now before you say Im just a sorry drunkard, let me state my case. As reliable employment as overseeing is, it is no easy chore on the spirit. I say no man of conscious can take the lash to another human day in and day out without shredding (撕碎) at his own self. Takes him to a place where he either makes excuses within his mind to be unaffected or he finds some way to trample (无视) his guilty sensations. So I trampled, with frequency.

Armsby的话使Platt看到了希望,他哀求Armsby替他寄信给家乡的人。Armsby答应了Platt的要求,并承诺会帮他保密。然而,就在Platt以为转机将要到来时,Epps找到Platt,拿着刀逼问他是否要逃走。原来,是Armsby向Epps告了密。Platt尽管很惶恐,却故作镇定地为自己开脱,并使Epps相信了自己,因此逃过一劫。Platt把写好的信件偷偷烧毁,也烧掉了心中的一丝希望。

在棉花地里,酷热与疲劳持续消耗着奴隶们的生命。一个午后,老奴Abram在烈日下突然倒地,再也没醒过来。他的尸体被草草地埋葬,一个奴隶为他念了简单的悼词,黑奴们站在埋葬他的土堆旁唱歌,为他送别。Platt一脸悲伤,仿佛看到了自己的未来:在绝望的劳动中耗尽生命的能量,然后砰然倒地。这就是他的宿命,也是所有奴隶的宿命。

重返自由

某天,Epps的种植园里请来一位新帮手——来自加拿大的木工Bass。与Platt见过的其他白人不同,Bass丝毫不畏惧Epps,并且对奴隶制度有着自己独特的见解。

Bass: Its all wrong. All wrong, Mr. Epps.

Epps: They aint hired to help. Theyre my property.

Bass: You say that with pride.

Epps: I say it as fact.

Bass: This conversation concerns what is fact and what is not. Then it must be said that there is no justice, or righteousness in this slavery. But you do open up an interesting question. What right have you to your niggers when you come down to the point?

Epps: What right? I bought them. I paid for them.

Bass: Of course you did, and the law says you have the right to hold a nigger. But begging the laws pardon, it lies. Suppose they pass a law taking away your liberty, making you a slave. Suppose.

Epps: That aint a supposable case.

Bass: Laws change, Epps. Universal truths are constant. It is a fact, a plain and simple fact that what is true and right is true and right for all. White and black alike.

Epps: You compare me to a nigger, Bass?

Bass: Im only asking, “In the eyes of God, what is the difference?”

Epps: You might as well ask what the difference is between a white man and a baboon (狒狒). Ive seen one of them critters (动物) in Orleans. Know just as much as any nigger I got.

Bass: Listen, Epps. These niggers are human beings. If they are allowed to claim no higher than brute animals, you and men like you will have to answer for it. Theres an ill, Mr. Epps, a fearful ill, resting upon this nation, and there will be a day of reckoning yet.

Bass和Epps有着截然不同的立场和价值观。Epps是顽固的保守势力,他代表着奴隶主的利益,拥有根植于内心的不平等的种族观念,他的信仰是以利益为前提的。而Bass对上帝的信仰则建立在自由的基础之上,他坚信人人生而平等的真理。他用法律、道德与宗教信仰向奴隶制发出拷问,将违背人类平等和自由的虚伪价值观击得粉碎。他的言论给一旁工作的Platt留下了深刻的印象。

在一次工作中,Platt与Bass攀谈起来,并向他道出了自己的身世。Bass听后非常震惊,对Platt也充满了同情。Platt已经了解Bass对奴隶制的厌恶,因此鼓起勇气,请求Bass帮他写信给北方的亲友。Bass心怀忐忑,却用坚定的誓言给予了Platt承诺。

Bass: Ive traveled this country for the best part of twenty years. My freedom is everything. The fact that I can walk out of here tomorrow brings me great pleasure. My life doesnt mean much to anyone. It seems yours might mean a lot to a whole lot of people. But what you ask of me, sir, scares me. And I must say I am afraid. Not just for you, but for me. I will write your letter, sir, and if it brings you your freedom, it will be more than a pleasure. It will have been my duty.

等待的日子无比漫长,但终于有了尽头。一天,县治安官带着Platt的故友一同来到种植园,确认了Platt的真正身份。Platt迫不及待地跳上接他的马车,踏上了回家的旅途。在12年之后,Platt又重新以自由人Solomon的身份站在了纽约的家门口。他的一双儿女如今已长大成人,女儿已经做了母亲。所有的苦难都已远去,一脸悲伤的老男人终于与家人团聚。

在12年的黑奴生涯中,Solomon经历了几任奴隶主。但无论是善良软弱的Ford,还是残暴乖张的Epps,都是奴隶制度的维护者。Solomon经历过欺骗和背叛,见证了人性的自私与贪婪,但他也遇到了像Bass这样追求自由并无私帮助他的人。每一个人对上帝的理解不同,信仰不同。然而,信仰和道德无法从根本上抑制人性的恶,只有健全的法律和制度才能控制罪恶的蔓延,建立一个真正自由和公平的社会。回到纽约之后,Solomon完成并出版了自己的回忆录《为奴十二年》,并积极投身废奴运动。他不再是为自己的个人自由而努力,而是为了建立更好的社会而奋斗。

影片《为奴十二年》上映之后,人们难免会将它与同是奴隶制题材的《被解救的姜戈》(Django Unchained)进行对比。相比后者的热血和英雄主义,《为奴十二年》也许算不上精彩。但它更为理性,命题也更加沉重。如果说《被解救的姜戈》是用理想主义杀出一条英雄式的自由通道,那《为奴十二年》则在苦难和隐忍中积聚了更多的力量,将自由引入严肃和理性的探讨中,为人们指出那条真正的通向自由的道路。

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