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An Open Letter to the Historians of the 22nd Century 致22世纪历史学家的一封公开信

2014-04-09LarryCebula

新东方英语 2014年4期
关键词:切斯杰斐逊历史学家

Larry+Cebula

In a popular recent academic blog post, the author, a historian, bemoans an imagined decline of diary-keeping in the present era. Future historians will have nothing to write about! The author urges us to sharpen our quill pens, pull out a piece of vellum1) and begin journaling. “This is your duty,” he proclaims. “Create that thing that historians crave—real, firsthand accounts.”

But this is silly, for a number of reasons. To start with, the author is using a blog on the Internet to complain that no one is writing about their lives anymore. The truth is precisely the opposite—we are living through an explosion of personal writing and documentation that is unprecedented in human history. More than a billion people are on Facebook, posting about their days, complete with pictures. Half a billion are on Twitter. There are tens of millions of blogs. And lets throw Instagram2), YouTube, and similar services into the mix. And of course there is email—which is indeed being saved, as recent news revelations about the NSA3) should reassure all of us.

Cats, in particular, are being documented to an amazing extent.

Well, you might argue, theres a big difference between Aunt Ednas Facebook updates and Mary Chesnuts diary4). Its worth noting how extremely atypical5) are the handful of historians favorite diaries. As every working historian has come to realize, for every Mary Chesnut or George Templeton Strong6), there are a hundred surviving diaries of stoic7) Norwegian farmers or busy millworkers that are considerably less than illuminating:

November 2, 1863: rained.

November 3, 1863: Rained

November 5, 1863: Cow dyed.

November 8, 1863: Didnt rain

In contrast, future historians of my era will have information, both useful and useless, sprayed at them with a fire hose. Its worth thinking about how you future historians can sift through8) the flood of primary-source material to sort the 21st-century Mary Chesnuts from the Aunt Ednas.

Imagine if Thomas Jefferson9) had a Facebook page, commented on the pages of his Facebook friends, tweeted and posted photos to Instagram. Now imagine that all of his contemporaries were Facebooking and tweeting about Jefferson, Instagramming Monticello10), and posting their comments on the Declaration of Independences second draft on Google Docs! We would have vastly more information about the man. And Lord knows there is no shortage of primary-source information about Jefferson as is11).

The real revolution in personal writing and documentation for our era, however, is the way that it will illuminate the lives of us peasants. Every fry cook at McDonalds has a Facebook page. And as I hinted above, it is not just that people are writing more than ever before. Future historians will have hundreds of millions of images (from Instagram alone) of peoples daily lives. Add tens of millions of videos. And then there is the metadata—GPS locations for those posts and images, networks of friends and sharing, tags and hashtags! For broader context, you 22nd-century historians will pull up an archived Google Street View of the neighborhood, see what cable services the subject subscribed to, and peruse12) old Amazon order histories and wish lists.

Not so fast, my contemporary readers might point out. Most of these sources are commercial services, with privacy policies and limited sharing. How many of these records will even exist in 100 years? Anyway, it isnt like you can just pull up the Facebook pages of all Cleveland fry cooks and sort by the text “salmonella13).”

Not yet, you cant, but you will be able to. My 22nd-century readers will of course be aware of the Steve Jobs Personal Privacy Elimination Act of 2037, but even readers of my own era should know about the rapid erosion of privacy. Even before the phenomena became apparent, there was a general principle known as the “75-year rule” that most government documents became public after that amount of time. And as for the saving of old Facebook posts and the like, data is money, and data is security, and storage costs continue to fall like a stone.

Digital preservation has made great strides in the decades since NASA lost the original moon landing tapes14). Today digital archivists use such preservation strategies as redundancy (keeping multiple copies of files in different places) and forward migration15) (moving files into the latest format so you can still read them). At the Washington State Archives, Digital Archives (where I work), 117 million digital objects are preserved in multiple backups16), both on hard drives and on magnetic tapes. Yet our data is a fraction of what is being captured and preserved by Google, Yahoo, and other tech giants. And the nonprofit Internet Archive17) has preserved more than 10 petabytes18) of digital data, from expired Geocities19) pages to the Webs largest collection of bootleg Grateful Dead20) recordings.

Not all or even most of the current flood of stuff will survive into the next century, but lots and lots of it will. Far from the “digital dark age” that some were predicting only 10 years ago, the future will be awash in data from our era. Our LOLCats21) are safe for eternity.

So to all those future historians who stumble across this blog post long after I am dead: Sorry for all the stuff. I know you people are going to have unimaginable tools for sorting, thinning, combining and analyze the mountain of “real, firsthand accounts” that my generation has been thoughtlessly creating. Still, I know that on some days you must grow weary of examining the 746,000 variations on a single meme22). You must sometimes shout: “Stupid dead person, when your hard drive gets full dont just buy a bigger backup, sort your damn files!” You must spend days reading the Facebook feed of some 13-year-old who later became famous, and you must feel despair.

Sorry about that, historians of the 22nd century. I am sorry that I made so many blog posts featuring someone elses YouTube video. Sorry that so many of my Facebook updates are vacuous. Sorry about all of my files undescriptively labeled “DSCimage987234534.jpg” and “GrantProposal2,docx.” Sorry for the mess.

在最近流行的一篇学术博客文章中,该文作者(一位历史学家)认为在如今这个时代记日记的人越来越少,并因此扼腕叹息。未来的历史学家们将会没什么可写的!这位作者敦促我们削尖羽毛笔,抽出羊皮纸,开始写日记。“这是你们的职责,”他宣称,“创作历史学家们所渴望的东西——真实的第一手记述。”

但这种观念是愚蠢的,有如下几个原因。首先,这位作者正在用互联网上的博客抱怨,说没有人再记述自己的生活了。而事实恰恰相反——我们正在经历人类历史上史无前例的个人写作和记录的大爆发。超过十亿人在使用Facebook展示他们的日常生活,还配有照片。五亿人在使用Twitter。数千万人在使用博客。我们还可以把Instagram、YouTube及其他类似的服务算进来。当然,还有电子邮件。电子邮件的确得到了保存,最近关于国家安全局的新闻披露应该能让我们所有人都放心了。

特别是关于猫的记录,简直到了惊人的程度。

好吧,你们也许会争辩说,埃德娜姑妈Facebook的更新与玛丽·切斯纳特的日记还是有很大区别的。但值得注意的是,历史学家最爱的那几本日记都是极其不典型的。正如每个职业历史学家开始意识到的那样,每有一个玛丽·切斯纳特或乔治·坦普顿·斯特朗,与之对应的就有一百本留存下来的出自坚忍的挪威农民或忙碌的工厂工人之手的日记。这些日记的启迪性可就差多了:

1863年11月2日:下雨了。

1863年11月3日:下雨了

1863年11月5日:牛死了。

1863年11月8日:没下雨

相比之下,研究我这个时代的未来历史学家们将拥有大量有用和无用的信息,这些信息会像消防水管中的水一样向他们喷去。值得思考的是,你们这些未来的历史学家们怎样才能在第一手材料的洪流中进行筛选,将21世纪的玛丽·切斯纳特们与埃德娜姑妈们区分开。

想象一下,如果托马斯·杰斐逊有一个Facebook页面,在其Facebook好友的页面上发表评论,发推文,还在Instagram上发照片,那会是什么样子。现在再想象一下,他同时代的所有人都在Facebook和Twitter上发布关于杰斐逊的信息,在Instagram上发蒙蒂塞洛庄园的照片,并就谷歌文档上《独立宣言》的第二稿发表评论!这样的话,关于杰斐逊我们就会有更广泛的信息。天知道关于真实的杰斐逊我们不缺乏一手信息呢。

然而,对于我们这个时代来说,个人写作和记录方面的真正变革在于其将如何阐释我们劳动大众的生活。麦当劳的每个油炸食品厨师都有Facebook页面。正如我在上文所暗示的那样,人们不仅仅是写得比以前多。未来的历史学家们还将拥有数亿张人们日常生活的图片(单从Instagram上算)。再加上数千万个视频。然后还有元数据——那些留言和图片的GPS位置,好友和信息分享的网络,标签和话题标签!从更广阔的背景来看,你们22世纪的历史学家们将会翻出一份某个街区存档的谷歌街景,看看研究对象都订购了什么有线电视服务,仔细研究一下其以前的亚马逊历史订单和心愿单。

别急啊,我的当代读者们可能会指出。这些来源大多是商业服务,受隐私政策约束,分享程度有限。一百年后,这些记录中究竟有多少还存在呢?无论如何,你们是没法就那么翻出所有克利夫兰油炸食品厨师的Facebook页面,然后根据“沙门氏菌”的字样来进行筛选的。

还不行,你们还不能这么做,但你们即将能这样做了。我22世纪的读者们当然会知道《2037年史蒂夫·乔布斯个人隐私消除法》,但即便是我这个时代的读者们也应该知道,隐私正被快速地侵蚀。甚至在这种现象凸显之前,就有一个被称为“75年规则”的普遍原则,即大部分政府档案将在75年之后公开。而对于Facebook历史留言等内容的保存,数据就是金钱,数据就是安全,而且数据的存储成本将继续如坠石般下降。

在美国国家航空航天局遗失了原始的登月录像带之后的几十年间,数字保存已经取得了长足的进步。今天,数字档案保管员们采用冗余(在不同位置保存文件的多个副本)和纵向迁移(将文件转换为最新的格式以便你仍能读取)这样的保存策略。在华盛顿州档案馆的数字档案馆(我工作的地方),1.17亿个数字对象以多个备份的方式保存,既有在硬盘驱动器上的备份,也有磁盘上的备份。然而,我们的数据只是谷歌、雅虎和其他科技巨头所获取并保存的数据中的一小部分。而非营利机构互联网档案馆已经保存了超过100亿兆字节的数字数据,从过期的雅虎地球村页面到网络上数量最庞大的盗版“死之华”乐队专辑收藏,应有尽有。

并非当前数据洪流的所有内容都会保存到下个世纪,甚至大部分内容都不能,但的确会有大量的数据保留下来。未来远非某些人在十年前所预测的那样是“数字黑暗时代”。未来将充斥着来自我们这个时代的数据。我们的搞笑猫咪肯定会流芳百世。

那么,对那些在我去世很久之后偶然读到这篇博文的所有未来历史学家们,我要说:对所有这一切我感到抱歉。我知道你们将拥有我们难以想象的筛选、精简和合并工具,用以分析我们这代人草率地创造出的堆积如山的“真实的第一手记述”。但我也知道,在某些日子,你们一定会对仔细研究一个文化基因的74.6万种变体感到厌倦。有时,你们肯定会吼道:“愚蠢的死人,你的硬盘驱动满了时,不要只是买个更大的备用硬盘,整理下你该死的文件吧!”你们必须花费很多天的时间去读某个后来成名的13岁孩子的Facebook内容,而你们一定会感到绝望的。

对此我很抱歉,22世纪的历史学家们。抱歉我写了这么多关于别人的YouTube视频的博文。抱歉我有那么多的Facebook更新都很空洞。对于所有我毫无意义地命名成“DSCimage987234534.jpg”和 “GrantProposal2.docx”这样的文件,我表示抱歉。为这一切杂乱抱歉。

1. vellum [?vel?m] n. (书写或装帧用的)精制牛皮纸(或羊皮纸)

2. Instagram:一款图片分享应用,允许用户随时随地拍摄图片并分享至网络。

3. 此处是指2013年8月,美国国家安全局(National Security Agency,简称为NSA)向媒体承认,曾在2008至2011年间大量搜集美国公民的电子邮件及私人通讯记录。

4. Mary Chesnuts diary:此处指玛丽·切斯纳特(1823~1886)所著的内战日记。

5. atypical [?e??t?p?k(?)l] adj. 非典型的

6. George Templeton Strong:乔治·坦普顿·斯特朗 (1820~1875),律师,曾著有长达2250页的个人日记,全面展现出了内战时期美国社会的概况。

7. stoic [?st???k] adj. 坚忍的,隐忍的

8. sift through:筛选

9. Thomas Jefferson:托马斯·杰斐逊(1743~1826),第三任美国总统,《独立宣言》的起草人之一

10. Monticello:此处指杰斐逊亲自设计建造的蒙蒂塞洛庄园。

11. as is:按现状;照原来的样子

12. peruse [p??ru?z] vt. 仔细观察,仔细研究

13. salmonella [?s?lm??nel?] n. [微]沙门氏菌

14. 此处是指2006年曝出的美国国家航空航天局(NASA)弄丢人类首次登月原始录像一事。

15. migration [ma??ɡre??(?)n] n. [计]迁移,转移

16. backup [?b?k?p] n. [计]备份;备份的数据

17. Internet Archive:互联网档案馆,一个公益性数字图书馆

18. petabyte [?pet??ba?t] n. [计]拍字节,即1015字节,相当于10亿兆字节。

19. Geocities:雅虎地球村,一个提供个人空间服务的网站

20. Grateful Dead:“死之华”,美国摇滚乐团

21. LOLCats:2007年在网络上出现的一系列搞笑猫咪图片,上面配有趣味文字说明。

22. meme [mi?m] n. [生]文化基因

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