《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇──20世纪末、21世纪初的两个新词
2014-03-10曾泰元
∷曾泰元
《牛津英语词典》(The Oxford English Dictionary)依历史原则编纂,是英语世界最大、最权威的英语词典。自2010年底整合资源,更新条目、定义与书证后,以在线版的形态重新问世。在线版的《牛津英语词典》收录了300个左右源自中文的词汇,或音译(loanword)或借译(loan translation)。
从2013年第8期开始,作者每期介绍两条,照登《牛津英语词典》的定义并加以翻译,解释其词源,挑选精当的书证,以英汉双语的方式呈现。
ming 命
【词源】[ Chinese mìng lot, fate, destiny. ] 源自中文“命”
【定义】n. fate, destiny; divine providence. 天命,命运;天意
【书证】
The Communists changed China’s ming or fate when they fought ceaselessly during twenty years of hardship before winning power. 共产党在夺取政权之前,持续艰苦奋战了20年,改变了中国的“命”。──《大河彼岸》(The Other Side of the River),1963
To know ming and to act according to it, without attachment to the success or failure of the action, is an ideal of Confucianism. 知天命而行天命,超脱成败,是儒家的理想。──《牛津世界宗教词典》(The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions),1997
jiaozi 饺子
【词源】[ Chinese jiăozi (jiăo stuffed dumpling +zi, little‘child’, functioning as diminutive suffix). ] 源自中文“饺子”(“饺”:带馅面团,“子”:指小词)。
【定义】 n. In Chinese cookery: a crescent-shaped dumpling of thin pastry dough, stuffed with a finely minced paste (typically made of pork, cabbage, and garlic chives), and steam-fried, deep-fried, grilled, or boiled. 在中餐烹饪里,指的是一种新月形、面皮薄的面团,馅料剁得细碎成糊(一般由猪肉、卷心菜、韭菜所制成),可生煎,可油炸,可炙烤,可水煮。
【书证】
Feasting plays an important role in the celebrations,with a large family meal served on New Year’s Eve.Traditional food such as jiaozi and Nian Gao is prepared and families gather together for this annual feast. 大吃大喝在节庆活动中扮演着重要的角色,大年除夕的家庭聚餐尤其盛大。饺子、年糕等传统食物都会上桌,一家人也会为了这顿年度大餐而团聚。──英国《卫报》(The Guardian),2001/1/25
Grab eight jiaozi ($1.50) at Ma-Ma Dumpling and a no-carb quiche ($3) at the Juice Bar. 到妈妈饺子馆买八个饺子(美元一块五),再到果汁吧买个无碳水化合物的法式咸派(美元三块钱)。──美国《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post),2004/4/11