小区域

小区域

Pockets

现代文明是一个统一的、无所不包的系统，在这个系统中各个部分彼此依赖。你不能丢掉“坏”的部分，而只保留“好”的部分。因此，所有的“可持续”项目在某种程度上也都具有“不可持续”的因素。人类通过明确界定自己可以承担全部责任的领域界限来应对这种认识。

Modern civilization is a unified, all encompassing system in which all parts are dependent on one another. You can't get rid of the "bad" parts and keep only the "good" parts. Consequently, all "sustainable" projects are also to some degree agents of "unsustainability". Humans deal with this realization by clearly defining a limited area of which they can take full responsibility.

什么是“可持续”的木材？砍树总是会引起一些伤害。

What constitutes "sustainable" wood? Cutting a tree is always going to do some harm.

这里把自己与世隔绝的想法并不新鲜。在这部小说中，美国相当大的一部分地区不再想与其他不可持续的地区有关联，而建立起了一个自给自足的稳定经济……拥有一位女总统。

It's not a new idea to cut oneself off from the world. In this novel, a decent portion of the US no longer wants to be associated with the unsustainable rest and sets up a self-sufficient, steady-state economy…with a woman as president.

被誉为世界上最大的可持续开发项目，它的大小只有6km2，不考虑任何外部事物的干扰。该项目只是把不良影响外部化，同时把好的影响内在化，成为不可持续的世界中的一小块可持续发展区域？或者它是否应该被理解为一个实验室？

Hailed the biggest sustainable development in the world, it is only 6km2in size and doesn't take into account anything happening outside its walls. Is the project simply externalizing undesired effects and internalizing the desired effects, to become a pocket of sustainability in an unsustainable world? Or should it be understood as a lab?

购买再生木材通常被认为是“没有负罪感”的替代选择。无需砍伐任何树木，以看起来似乎是合理的价格采购回收材料的简单行为，却扰乱并将破坏住宅和遗产这种久远的经济体。如何在这样的背景下“负责任”地行事？

Purchasing reclaimed wood is often considered the ultimate "guilt free" alternative. Without cutting down any trees, the simple act of purchasing salvaged materials, at what seemed like fair prices, upset a faraway economy and led to the destruction of housing and heritage. How to act "responsibly" in such a context?

试图通过技术附加设施使一个小岛自给自足：太阳能板、沼气发酵、中水回用等。虽然是“孤岛”，戈梅拉的计划经济仍然会一直依赖旅游业、水上飞机、进口技术……

An attempt to make an island self-sufficient with technological add-ons： solar panels, methane fermentation, water recycling, etc. Although "isolated", the planned economy of Gomera would still have been dependent on tourism, seaplanes, imported technology…

由于环环相连，并且充满意想不到的后果，承担全部的责任是不可能的。但在哪里划线呢？这块材料的穿孔部分被认为是可持续的，因为它使用较少的材料。如果只考虑立面，的确如此。但工作室为钻孔而订购的铝材数量是保持不变的。

With everything being connected, and unintended consequences abounding, taking full responsibility is impossible. But where to draw the line? The perforated part of this is considered sustainable because it uses less material. That is true if only what is on the facade is taken into account.The amount of aluminum ordered by the workshop that punches holes out of it stays the same.

这种“可持续”板中的石膏是“不可持续的”煤炭燃烧的废弃产物。很方便地铲除煤电站的废弃物，这个产品算不算是共犯？

The plaster in this "sustainable" board is a waste product of "unsustainable" coal-combustion. By conveniently ridding coal power stations of its waste, isn't this product a partner in crime?

支持当地生产的商品算不算是更负责任？至少这样我们可以更了解我们的消耗所产生的副作用。

Is it more responsible to support locally produced goods? At least that way we can be more aware of the side effects of our consumption.

1 “小区域”展台/The table of "Pockets"

评论

黄伟文：环保观念、美学和技术虽然成为当今趋势，但也要避免环保成为一种道德优越感和政治正确性的误区。要区分伪环保（比如所谓节省材料的穿孔铝板），局部环保（有围墙的零碳城马斯达尔），奢华的环保（LEED某些标准），有副作用的环保（美国人进口泰国老木房材料来盖房），甚至极端的、有害的环保（憎恨技术破坏自然以至成为邮包炸弹杀手）。从技术上看，人类对生命自身和自然系统的认识始终都是有限的。在医学史上，有太多治疗技术被时间证明是错误和有害的，我们对待环境的观念和技术同样会是如此。

孙凌波：无论是美国对亚洲再生木材的回收，非洲西海岸的“孤岛”戈梅拉，还是阿布扎比沙漠中的马斯达尔城，这种小区域的示范项目不失为一种好的教化方法和营销手段。但我们在此则更多地看到对这类封闭式的所谓可持续示范项目的反思和批判，揭示出其伴随而生的不可持续因素。这也提醒我们，只有在我们生活的星球这个大“区域”的视角下，才能全面探讨环境、经济、社会层面的可持续效果。

Comments

HUANG Weiwen:Although the concepts of sustainability, aesthetics, and technology have become particularly important today, we should not trap ourselves into thinking that they can create moral and political correctness. We need to distance ourselves from bogus sustainable practices including false sustainability such as the so-called material saving aluminum perforated plate, partial sustainability such as the zero carbon walled city of Masdar, luxury sustainability such as the costly sustainable guidelines of certain LEED criteria and sustainability with side effects such as a US housing project that imports recycled building materials all the way from Thailand. Equally important, we cannot let sustainability corrupt our minds and make us oppose any type of development to the extent that we'd resort to terrorism in support of an environmental cause. From a technical perspective, man's understanding of life and the natural world will always be limited. During the long history of medicine, too many treatments and technologies have proven in time to be inappropriate or even harmful. Many of our current concepts and technologies of sustainability may follow suit.

SUN Lingbo:The American demand for reclaimed wood from Asia, the "isolated" island of Gomera, Masdar city in the desert near Abu Dhabi-these pockets of sustainability could be good case studies. But a more critical assessment would show how isolated these "sustainable" projects are and could highlight their "unsustainable" effects. One has to look at the biggest "pocket" that is our whole world to really make a comprehensive examination of environmental, economic and social sustainability.

2 LEED新指南起草中产生的争议。一些美国国会会员给美国绿色建筑委员会写了一封信，敦促他们接受所有可信的森林管理认证体系。节选自一次为保护森林管理委员会认证资质不受竞争对手影响的新闻宣传页。

Controversy arose in the run-up to the drafting of new Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) guidelines. Several members of Congress wrote a letter to the US Green Building Council, urging them to accept as valid all credible forest management certification systems. Page from a press campaign that defends the credentials of FSC from competitors.

森林管理委员会广告，2012年/ Advert by Forest Stewardship Council, 2012

3 一部未来崇拜派小说的1990年重印本（新封面），描写了一个记者探访一个围绕生态原则组织的乌托邦式国家的故事。作者是伯克利大学的员工，最早的时候因为找不到出版商而自费出版这本小说。这本书最终仅在美国就售出超过40万本。

1990 reprint, with new cover art, of a cult futuristic novel about a journalist visiting a utopian state organised around ecological principles. The author, an employee of the University of Berkeley, originally published the novel himself because he could not find a publisher. The book eventually sold more than 400000 copies in the US alone.

书目/Book： 生态乌托邦，欧内斯特·卡伦巴赫，美国，1975年/ Ecotopia, by Ernest Callenbach, USA, 1975（封面设计/Cover Art： Mark Harrison）

4-6 TerraMai公司成立于1991年，从事在亚洲回收再生木材并在美国销售的大规模经营活动，以“帮助弥补对新木材的需求”。《纽约时报》登出一篇文章提出，美国对回收木材的需求正在成为鼓励拆除亚洲现有房屋的市场力量，此后产生了争议。

a. 木材商在泰国检查房子状况（图5、6）

b. 用作一个美国家庭地板和墙面的回收柚木（图4 ）

Founded in 1991, TerraMai conducts large-scale operations repurposing wood reclaimed in Asia and sold in the USA to "help offset the demand of new lumber". Controversy followed an article in the New York Times that suggested the American demand for such reclaimed wood was becoming a market force encouraging the dismantling of existing Asian houses.

a. Photos of house in Thailand being inspected by a wood trader(Fig. 5, 6)

b. Photo of reclaimed teak applied as flooring and wall cladding in a US home (Fig. 4)

项目/Project： TerraMai回收柚木，俄勒冈州（美国），2007年/Reclaimed Teak by TerraMai, Oregon (USA), 2007（摄影/ Photos： Richard Humphries, Gordon M. Grant）

7 一个能源等级为A的办公楼立面实体模型。外表皮由85%的回收铝板制成，且穿孔以减少材料用量，因此被认为是可持续的。

Mock-up of the facade of an energy class A office building. The outer skin is said to be sustainable because it is made from 85% recycled aluminium sheets which are also perforated to reduce the amount of material used.

项目/Project： Fredrik Selmers Vei 4，LPO建筑事务所，Entra Eidom, FutureBuilt，奥斯陆（挪威），2013年/Fredrik Selmers Vei 4, by LPO arkitekter AS, Entra Eidom & FutureBuilt, Oslo (Norway), 2013

8、9 选自非洲西海岸一个小岛的区域规划研究手绘图。出于对环境问题的重视，方案设法预测来岛游客增加带来的变化。建筑师不是用常见的机场加环城公路的规划，而是试图探索一些不需要那么显眼的基础设施的交通模式。方案设计了建造简单且依靠风能和太阳能能够自给自足的住宅。厌氧发生器会消化人为和居家垃圾，产生用来烹饪的沼气。

Hand drawings and diagrams from a regional planning study for an island off the west coast of Africa. A focus on environmental issues resulted in a proposal that sought to anticipate changes brought upon by an increase in tourists visiting the island. Rather than the more usual airport plus ring road, the architect explored the possibility of introducing other modes of transport that required less obtrusive infrastructure. Simply built, selfsufficient houses relying on wind power and solar energy were planned. Anaerobic generators would digest human and household waste to make methane gas for cooking.

项目/Project： 戈梅拉总体规划，比尔坎·霍厄德，福斯特+合伙人事务所，戈梅拉岛 (加那利群岛），1975年/Gomera Masterplan，by Birkin Haward, Foster + Partners, Gomera (Canary Islands), 1975

10、11 特德·卡钦斯基在蒙大拿州的森林过着自给自足的生活，没有电或自来水，利用有限的科技。在看到自己小屋周围的景观因为要建一条公路而被毁以后，他开始向不同的目标发送自制炸弹，包括计算机店店主、航空公司和大学教授。1978年～1995年间，他的炸弹信件导致3人死亡，23人受伤。

a.卡钦斯基站在他的小屋前的存档照片，1972年6月（图10）

b.华盛顿新闻博物馆展出的同一个小屋，2012年（图11）

Ted Kaczynski led a self-sufficient life in the Montana forests, without electricity or running water and with limited use of technology. After seeing the landscape around his cabin destroyed for the construction of a highway, he started sending self-made bombs to different targets including computer storeowners, airline companies and university professors. His letter bombs, sent between 1978 to 1995, killed 3 people and injured 23

a. Archive photo of Kaczynski standing in front of his cabin, June 1972 (Fig. 10)

b. The same cabin exhibited in the Washington D.C. Newseum, 2012 (Fig. 11)

项目/Project：卡钦斯基炸弹客，西奥·多约翰·卡钦斯基，林肯（蒙大拿州，美国），1978年/Unabomber by Theodore John Kaczynski, Lincoln (Montana, USA), 1978（摄影/Photo： Alan Meiss & unknown）

12 马斯达尔城早期效果图，该项目实现后将在阿布扎比郊区容纳超过4.5万居民，使其成为最大的在建可持续项目。在此效果图中，早晨的阳光突显出包围城市并帮助城市保持凉爽的大城墙。

“此项目是明确设定边界的一个很好的案例，边界在此甚至是用城墙来标志。6km2的规模相对来说比较小，而且目标明确：一个碳中和、零废弃物的社区。由于这些边界，我想他们能够成功。不用担心边界外发生了什么，车子停放在城墙外。”约翰·罗伯茨，奥雅纳，2008年。

Early render of Masdar City, a master plan that, when realised, would house more than 45,000 inhabitants on the outskirts of Abu Dhabi, making it one of the biggest sustainable projects under construction. The morning sunlight in this render emphasises the large wall that surrounds the city and helps to keep it cool.

"The [project] is a good example of clearly set boundaries, in this case even marked by a city wall. The scale, 6 square kilometres, is relatively small and the goals are clearly set： a carbon neutral, zero waste community. Because of these boundaries, I think they can succeed. Never mind what happens outside these boundaries, the car is parked outside the city wall." John Roberts, Arup, 2008.

项目/Project： 马斯达尔城，福斯特+合伙人事务所，阿布扎比（阿联酋），2023年/Masdar City, by Foster + Partners, Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), 2023