布伦特兰

布伦特兰

Brundtland

30年前的1983年，联合国要求挪威前首相格罗·哈莱姆·布伦特兰领导一个新的联合国委员会。她的团队的任务是定义“人们对长期环境问题的共同认知”，并制定“国际社会的期望目标”。世界环境与发展委员会在尊重“未来人类需求”的基础上制定了“可持续发展”的概念。该委员会通过信守广义的原则，并避免设定具体的指导方针，成功地构建了一个可以被不同意识形态的所有人所接受的概念。取得这个共识也是有代价的：其牵涉到的具体问题留待公开的争论。

Thirty years ago, in 1983, the United Nations asked former Prime Minister of Norway, Gro Harlem Brundtland, to head a new UN commission. she and her team were tasked with defining "shared perceptions of long-term environmental issues" and formulating "aspirational goals for the world community". The World Commission on Environment and Development crafted the notion of "sustainable development", on the basis of a respect for the "needs of future generations". By sticking to general principles and to avoid setting concrete guidelines, the commission succeeded in constructing a notion that could be embraced by everyone despite their ideological divides. That consensus came with a price： its concrete implications were left open to debate.

评论

黄伟文：作为关于绿色理论实践文献展的奥斯陆建筑三年主展内容，这张前挪威首相、联合国世界环境和发展委员会主席布伦特兰夫人1987年做“我们共同的未来”报告的照片自然不能漏掉。正是她在这次报告中第一次使用了“可持续发展”这个概念，开启了一扇“绿色大门”。这届奥斯陆建筑三年展主展要绕到“绿色大门背后”，讨论当可持续发展已成为各个国家和地区超越意识形态的原则和共识的背景下，如何寻找标准细则（比如，LEED就是绿色吗?）和实施路径(依赖原有规划管治路径建设低碳生态新城可能吗？)。“可持续”这一名词在中国也流行多年，或者以“科学发展观”和“生态文明”的面目出现，但“不危及子孙后代发展能力”的发展概念和标准，对“喂人民服雾”的当下中国大城市，以及带着各种生态绿色招牌的“鬼城”来说，还是非常陌生和值得重新认识的。

张利：挪威对当代文明的重要贡献，一个民族对自然的热爱和一个政治家对环境的关注，在30年前定义了至今仍然影响着全球思维的词语。期待另一个同样有着悠久的人与自然平衡传统的民族——我们中华民族——也能在这方面为后世的人类文明留下更多的遗产。

Comments

HUANG Weiwen:At the main exhibition of the Oslo Architecture Triennial (OAT), which explores the theories and practices of sustainability, one cannot miss a certain photograph. This image shows Mrs. Gro Harlem Brundtland, the former Prime Minister of Norway and the then president of the World Commission on Environment and Development, at her 1987 presentation entitled "Our Common Future." It was this presentation that opened the "green door" that launched the term sustainability into the public eye. The main exhibition of the OAT this year passes "Beyond the Green Door", discussing how to seek detailed standards-Does LEED set the proper standard for sustainability?-and implementation approaches-Is it feasible to build sustainable new towns that rely on existing planning and management institutions? The term sustainability has been the prevailing concept in China for many years, but it has been interpreted as "scientific development" and "ecological civilization." Other interpretations of the term remain unexplored, such as Brundtland's definition, "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The latter definition, and its concepts and standards, are worth introducing to the major Chinese cities shrouded in smog and to those "ghost cities" currently developing under the title of "sustainability."

ZHANG Li:A Norwegian contribution to the contemporary world, out of a nation's love for nature and a politician's awareness for the environment. A term coined three decades ago that still leads our thoughts today. We do hope that another great nation with a long history of balance between man and nature- we the Chinesecan leave more positive legacies to future civilizations.

1、2 布伦特兰展台/The table of "Brundtland"

左一：一位警察告诉世界地球日的示威者离开洛根机场。在针对机场空气污染、扩建和即将面世的超音速喷气机的抗议中，示威者把棺材抬入大堂，表演模拟葬礼。

A policeman telling Earth Day protesters to leave the premises at Logan Airport. In protest against the airport's air pollution, expansion and the coming of supersonic jets, demonstrators staged a mock funeral with coffins in the airport's lobby.

项目/Project： 世界地球日，马萨诸塞州波士顿市（美国），1970年4月22日/Earth Day, Boston, MA (USA), April 22, 1970（摄影/Photo： Spencer Grant）

左二：成立于1983年的世界环境与发展委员会总结报告

Closing report of the World Commission on Environment and Development established in 1983.

“我们共同的未来”，世界环境和发展委员会（布伦特兰委员会），牛津（英国），[1987]，2009年/Our Common Future by World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission), Oxford (UK), [1987], 2009

左三：格罗·哈莱姆·布伦特兰主席发表联合国世界环境与发展委员会的最终报告“我们共同的未来”。该文件将可持续发展定义为“在不损害后代需求的前提下来满足当前需求的发展”。今天，这仍然是可持续发展最普遍的定义。布伦特兰认为：“‘环境’是我们生活的地方，而‘发展’是我们试图在此范围内改善我们命运所做的一切。两者密不可分”。

Photo of Chairman Gro Harlem Brundtland presenting Our Common Future, the final report of the UN World Commission on Environment and Development. The document defines sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Today, this remains the most prevalent definition of sustainability. Brundtland argues："The 'environment' is where we live, and 'development' is what we all do in attempting to improve our lot within that abode.The two are inseparable."

伦敦（英国），1987年/London (UK), 1987（摄影/Photo：Henrik Laurvik）

左四：美国首个获得LEED认证的机场航站楼。这个200km2的航站楼的可持续性特征包括：无水便池，使用取得FSC认证的木材。它的热反射窗和节能照明系统有望节省近30万美元的电费。

a. LEED证书复印件（下）

b. 新航站楼内部图片（上）

The first airport terminal in the USA to attain LEED accreditation. The sustainability features of the 200 km2terminal include waterless urinals and the use of FSC certified wood. Its heat reflecting windows and energy efficient lighting systems hoped to save almost $300000 in electricity bills.

a. Copy of the LEED certificate

b. Image of the new terminal interior

项目/Project： 波士顿洛根机场, HOK建筑事务所，马萨诸塞州波士顿市（美国），2006年/Boston Logan Airport by HOK architects, Boston, MA (USA), 2006, （摄影/Photo： Farshid Assassai）