怎样提高高中学生英语阅读技能

朱保龙

阅读是中学英语教学中学生必须掌握的听、说、读、写四种技能之一，阅读技能的训练和培养是英语教学的重要目的之一。高中英语课程标准明确要求侧重培养学生的阅读能力。近几年来，高考对学生阅读理解能力的要求越来越高，阅读文章不少于3篇，字数不少于1000字，且题材多样。那么怎样才能提高学生的阅读技能呢？

一、必须让学生明白阅读的重要性

在中学英语教学中，读是中心活动。大量阅读可以使我们获得许多信息，增加我们的知识，培养思维能力和提高智力，同时能提高理解能力和培养良好语感。

二、让学生体会阅读的乐趣

兴趣是最好的老师。只有让学生充分感受到阅读的乐趣，他们才会自觉、自愿地阅读，而且自信能够做好阅读。告诉学生长期以来所积累的智慧和许多世纪以来留传的使人愉悦的故事，都可以简易地从书本上获得。阅读是一件有趣的事，它会使我们的思维活跃起来。书本都是相互影响的，它们连接着过去、现在和将来，它们有自己的同类，犹如家庭成员一般，所以无论在何处开始阅读，都会把自己与一种思想相联系，最终，不仅清楚地了解了其中的人物和世界，而且清楚地了解我们自己。大量阅读会使我们过得更好，变得更明智、更亲切和更有涵养。遨游在知识的海洋里，确实能让我们感受到阅读的无穷乐趣，不仅如此，而且能让我们了解全世界的事情。

三、提高阅读技能应遵循的原则

1.加强阅读，持之以恒。每天都应该阅读一定量的英语课外读物，还要用自己的话归纳出所读文章大意。

2.以比自己觉得舒服的速度阅读。通常阅读的速度愈快，理解力便愈佳。

3.阅读时不要回头读，即使遇到生词也应继续读下去。如果一个单词或短语不能十分了解，则应等到把全段读完一遍之后再回头重读。

4.要有选择地读。阅读时，要有意识地把名词、代词和动词与别的词分开，正确地读这些名词、代词和动词，句子里其他的词只要看一下就行。

四、提高阅读技能的方法

1.必须目的明确地阅读。阅读时，最好至少读两遍，第一遍，主要目的是抓“main idea”；第二遍，目的集中于细节，问自己五个“WH - question”和一个“How”问题。如下文：

The first true piece of sports equipment that man invented was the ball. In ancient Egypt， as everywhere，throwing stones was the childrens favorite game. But a badly thrown rock could hurt a child. Looking for something less dangerous to throw， the Egyptians made what were probably the first balls.

At first， balls were made of grass or leaves held together by vines. Later they were made of pieces of animal skin sewed together and filled with feathers or hay.

Before long the Egyptians had developed a number of ball games， each with its own set of rules. Perhaps they played ball games more for education than for fun. Ball playing was thought of mainly as a way to teach young men the speed and skill they would need for war.

第一遍阅读之后，我们就获得了关于这篇文章的大意：The ball was the first true sports equipment that man invented，并且能够回答以下几个问题：①What was the first sports equipment that man invented？②What was childers favorite game in ancient Egypt？③The first balls were made of animal skin， werent they？④Why did the Egyptians play ball games？读第二遍时，我们就集中于以下这些重要细节：①The ball was probably invented because throwing stones often caused harm.②The first balls were probably made of grass or leaves tied with vines.③The egyptians played many different games with balls.④Ball playing was useful.

2.根据上下文推测生词的意义和用法。当阅读到生词或短语时，不要慌张，也不要停下来慢慢地查字典，可以根据上下文推测生词或短语的词义。①找出经常给出明确定义的系动词to be。如：A liquid is one of the ghree main forms of matter，a substance that is not a solid or a gas.假设liquid是一个生词，系动词be后面就给出了明确的定义——“液体”。 ②找出说明词义的定语从句。如：the herdsman， who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中look after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧羊人”。 ③找出生词的同位语。如：They travelled a long way， at last got to a castel， a large building in old times.同位语部分a large building in old times给出了castel的确切词义“城堡”。④找出破折号。如：We are on the night——from midnight to 8 a.m.——this week.两个破折号之间的短语清楚地表明了night shift是“夜班”的意思。 ⑤找出同一生词的参考词。如：the rock fell from the mountain and stopped in the middle of the road. When the villagers came out and saw the rock blocking the road， they wanted to lift the rock out of the road.根据几个动词fell—stopped—blocking—lift的线索，可以推测“block”为“阻塞”之意。⑥观察单词的结构，构词法也能帮助确定词义。如：careless，care表示“仔细”，-less表示否定之意，故careless的词义为“粗心的”。

3.勾画出主题句。主题句即是整篇文章的主题，是作者的观点，通过出现在文章的开头或结尾，有时也出现在中间，文章的其他细节均是围绕它作铺垫的。阅读时要抓住这些关键词：“the most important thing”，“first”；“the second thing”or “secondly”；“the third important thing” or“thirdly”；“the last”，这样我们就能完整地快速地理解全文。

4.学会理解文字背后暗示的意思。阅读时会遇到这种情形，作者不明确表明自己的观点或看法，而是寓其观点于描述的事实中，这就要求读者边读边思考，边推理边归纳。例如：

Bob was a gardener and he had no work for a few months. One day， while he was walking in the street， he saw a sign for taking on a man who could grow flowers and trees well. Bob was so pleased that he went to answer the sign right away. There Bob was told to bring his old overalls with him. Bob did what he was asked，the master examined his overalls carefully and then diceded to let him have the job. Bob asked him why his overalls were so important. The master said：“Oh， your overalls are all with patches on the knees. I have dismissed two men whose overalls were with patches on the buttock.”

读完这篇文章，也许我们会问为什么鲍勃得到了那份工作。仅仅是因为他的工装裤上的膝盖部分有补丁吗？（Only because his overalls are all with patches on the knees.）当然不是，而是“Overalls with patches on the knees”暗示着鲍勃是个勤奋工作的人，“dismissed two men whose overalls were with patches on buttock”（我开除了两个工装裤屁股部分有补丁的人），这句中的“overall with patches on buttock”暗示着那两个人很懒惰。

当然，提高阅读技能并非易事，除了上述方法外，我们还必须打好基础，掌握大量词汇，记住许多重要句型和保持良好的阅读心情。即使阅读时遇到了困难，也不放弃。我相信，只要明白了阅读的重要性，体会到了阅读的乐趣，遵循了阅读的原则和有了良好的阅读方法，阅读技能一定会慢慢提高。