词块教学与高考英语写作

蓝海莲

雖然2013年高考早已结束，可我们对高考英语试卷的研读和反思还在继续。很多学生和老师都认为今年的英语写作很难，但如果学生在课文的学习过程中能牢记课文中出现的词块和通过积极参与老师组织的课堂活动运用这些词块，在此次作文中拿高分并不是难事。

今年基础写作要求写移民火星的时事快讯，其话题较为罕见，但如果我们熟悉选修7 第五单元课文Keep it up， Xie Lei中的词块，写好这篇文章是轻而易举的事。在这一单元里学生需要掌握的词块有prepare （not） to do， fit in （well） with， adjust oneself to， as far as sb. is concerned， be acknowledged to be等。根据该高考题的写作要求，可以表达为：

About thirty volunteers will be chosen from all over the world by 2015 to the Mars. The volunteers， who must be eighteen years old and prepare not to return to the earth， are expected to fit in well with others. As far as some experts are concerned， the living conditions on the Mars are so hard that it is difficult for the volunteers to adjust themselves to the extremely cold weather， loneliness and fear there. The volunteers believe that if successful， they will be acknowledged to be the heroes of human beings. Whats more， tired of living on the earth， they desire to experience the life on the Mars.

回顾2012年广东卷的读写任务：请你讲述你一次想家的经历，内容包括：（1）时间、地点和起因；（2）想家给学习和生活带来的影响；（3）你是怎样应对的。

同样，可以将选修7 第五单元的课文里出现的语块运用到这篇作文中，很好地完成这篇写作任务。

想家的时间、地点和起因：

Time flashed back to the day when I said goodbye to my family and boarded a bus for our local Senior School on 29th， August in 2011. It was the first time that I had left my family. Since that day， I had been living in student accommodation and I had to learn to get used to a whole new way of life， which took up all my concentration in the beginning.

想家给学习和生活带来的影响：

Living in a completely new environment， I felt lonely and homesick. Sometimes I even couldnt fall asleep， recalling my parents and good friends. In consequence， in the first months， I failed to get used to the academic requirements. Knowing the results， I was numb with shock. Discouraged， I lacked confidence in forthcoming studies.

你是怎样应对的：

Later， I tried to spend time with friends so as not to feel homesick and asked them for advice on study. They highly recommended that I should review lessons every day. I became a more autonomous learner after following their advice. My marks have greatly improved.

From then on， whenever I missed my family members， I tried talking with my roommates， which proved to be a great comfort. Meanwhile， I tried to have a balance between study and life and actively joined a few clubs. In this way， not only have I made more new friends but gradually my homesickness disappeared and I got used to the new environment.

2013 年广东卷读写任务：谈谈对平凡工作的想法，内容包括：（1）描述清洁工工作的艰辛；（2）假如没有清洁工，环境会变得如何？（3）你对平凡工作的看法。

在选修8 第二单元出现的词块有different from， it is a difficult task to undertake， ..would be...if there were no...， in poor condition， be unable to do sth， be in favor of sth， have a great impact on sth/sth， owe sth to...， be bound to do sth 等。根据写作要求，可以表达为：

描述清洁工工作的艰辛：

Different from common people， cleaners have to get up early in the morning， working from dawn to dusk despite hot sun， heavy rain or wind. It was a difficult task to undertake.

假如没有清洁工，环境会变得如何：

We would soon be drowned in the mountain of rubbish if there were no cleaners. Wherever we go， there would be rubbish. We would be in such poor condition that we would be unable to live or work healthily. Therefore， Im in favor of the view that small things as these jobs may seem， they have a great impact on every individual of us.

你对平凡工作的看法：

We owe our comfortable life and harmonious society to all such ordinary workers， who deserve our respect and concern. If all of us perform our ordinary jobs well， our society is bound to be more harmonious.

2013年的读写任务的写作话题与选修7第五单元sharing非常类似，都是提醒学生关注身边平凡的工作，加强对学生价值观的正确引导。从考查语法的角度来看，需要用虚拟语气表达“如果没有清洁工，环境会变得如何”的要点，如果学生积极参与在必修5第三单元Life in the future 和选修6 第二单元Poems 这些关于虚拟语气的课堂活动，掌握虚拟语气并运用于写作并非难事。

同样，2008年读写任务是关于理想的大学生活，这与选修5第三单元life in the future 话题，2009年保护野生动物与选修2第四单元Wildlife话题都有着紧密的联系。如此看来，高考英语的写作话题具有很强的真实性，与我们的英语教材有着紧密的联系。

我们也不难发现广东高考英语写作的测试对高中英语写作教学产生积极的反拨作用，主要体现为5个方面的转变——教学理念的转变、教学方式的转变、师生角色的转变、教学手段的转变以及评价方式的转变。在高中英语课程中，“新课标”要求教师能够创造性地使用教材，进行资源整合。

依据词块理论（chunking theory），语言的流利程度不是取决于学习者大脑中储存了多少语法规则，而是取决于他们大脑中存的词块的数量。词块具有整体存取的优势，有助于语言记忆的效力与语言表达的地道和准确。目前，国外语言教学研究者都已高度关注词块在语言学习中的重要作用，并做了大量研究，但国内的实践性探索才刚刚起步。因此，我们在日常教学中，要引导学生认识和发掘词块的强大功能。根据“新课标” 的理念：“学生应通过大量的专项和综合性语言实践活动，形成综合语言运用能力，为真实语言交际打基础”，要达到这一目标，教师要努力创设实践性情境，鼓励学生使用新学的语言表达，尤其是词块。经过反复使用，这些语言表达必定给学生留下深刻的印象，从而在写作中成为使他们灵感触发、出奇制胜的有力武器。

（注：本文为广东省教育科研“十二五”规划2011年度项目（2011TJK165）的部分成果）

（作者单位：河源市河源中学）

责任编校 蒋小青