输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石63例
2013-04-09肖运政周琦袁淦宁何冬赵树华熊丽
肖运政,周琦,袁淦宁,何冬,赵树华,熊丽
(深圳市西丽人民医院泌尿外科,广东深圳518055)
输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石63例
肖运政,周琦,袁淦宁,何冬,赵树华,熊丽
(深圳市西丽人民医院泌尿外科,广东深圳518055)
目的评价输尿管软镜结合钬激光处理上尿路结石的有效性、安全性,分析输尿管软镜碎石成功率的影响因素。方法本组63例,结石直径10~20 mm,平均14 mm。结石位于上盏6例,中盏5例,下盏4例,肾盂12例,多肾盏结石6例,输尿管上段结石30例。应用200 μm光纤0.8`1.5 J/10~15 Hz功率钬激光碎石。4周后复查KUB或尿路CT,评估结石排净率。结果总碎石成功率为98.4%(61/62),下盏结石碎石成功率66.7% (2/3)(1例下盏结石术中未寻及),总结石排净率为87.3%(55/63),输尿管上段、肾中上盏及肾盂内结石术后排净率为91.5%(54/59),肾下盏结石术后结石排净率为25.0%(1/4)。无输尿管穿孔、撕脱及大出血等严重并发症。结论输尿管软镜结合钬激光是处理直径<20 mm上尿路结石的安全有效的手段。肾上、中盏及肾盂内结石较肾下盏结石碎石成功率高、结石排净率高。
输尿管软镜;钬激光;碎石术;尿路结石
肾结石、输尿管上段结石可采用体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)、经皮肾镜手术治疗以及输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石治疗,尤其是直径<20 mm的结石,采用输尿管软镜钬激光碎石可达到接近无创的手术效果。越来越多的同仁认为输尿管软镜结合钬激光碎石将成为治疗肾结石、输尿管近端结石的一种趋势。2010年7月至2011年12月,我们应用输尿管软镜结合钬激光碎石术治疗63例上尿路结石患者,效果良好,现报道如下:
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料本组63例,男39例,女24例,均因不同程度的腰背部疼痛或肉眼血尿就诊,年龄平均38岁(23~77岁),病程1周~63个月。经泌尿系B超、尿路平片(KUB)+静脉尿路造影(IVU)或双肾CT确诊为肾结石或输尿管上段结石,明确肾积水程度,同时排除盏口狭窄及合并巨大积水的无功能肾患者。其中结石位于上盏6例,中盏5例,下盏4例,肾盂12例,多肾盏结石6例,输尿管上段30例。结石直径约10~20 mm,平均14 mm。肾积水I度12例,Ⅱ度32例,Ⅲ度15例,Ⅳ度3例,余1例无肾积水。病例选择标准:输尿管上段结石,单发、多发肾结石或ESWL后残余结石,结石最大直径≥10 mm且<20 mm,不伴输尿管狭窄或目标肾盏盏口狭窄。
1.2 手术方法采用蛛网膜下腔麻醉(腰麻)联合连续硬脊膜外阻滞麻醉,截石位。先使用F9.8 Wolf输尿管硬镜探查患侧输尿管,并上行至肾盂。确认不伴有输尿管狭窄等输尿管病变后退出输尿管硬镜,退镜前留置斑马导丝于输尿管内,然后循导丝将输尿管通道鞘(工作通道为F12~14)插入输尿管内,退出导丝,从而经输尿管通道鞘形成一个从尿道外口至输尿管的通路。然后使用美国顺康输尿管软镜(Dura 8E)经此通道置入进行肾内检查和手术。若输尿管硬镜无法顺利进镜且无法在C形臂X线机下顺利留置输尿管通道鞘,则留置双J管使输尿管被动扩张,两周后行二期输尿管软镜碎石术。软镜进入肾盂肾盏寻找到结石后,经软镜工作通道置入200 μm光纤,光纤连接PowerSuite 60 W钬激光碎石机(Lumenis科医人医疗激光公司),功率0.8~1.5 J/10~15 Hz,将结石粉碎至<3 mm的碎片。常规留置F5双J管。术后第2天拔除导尿管,常规静脉给予广谱抗生素2 d。2~4周后拔除双J管,4周后复查KUB或尿路CT,评估结石排净率。残留结石直径>4 mm为有临床意义的结石残留。
2 结果
63例中58例均较顺利地放置镜鞘并置入输尿管软镜,5例存在输尿管狭窄,软镜鞘无法置入,一次进镜成功率为92.1%(58/63);5例输尿管硬镜进镜困难且无法在X线下放置输尿管通道鞘,但均能在成功留置导丝的前提下安置双J管,两周后再次尝试,均能成功进镜。软镜进镜后62例成功寻及结石(62/63,98.4%);1例无法寻及结石,为结石位于肾下盏。输尿管上段、肾上、中盏及肾盂内结石寻及率(59/59,100%)高于肾下盏结石(3/4,75.0%)。在寻及结石后61例成功碎石(61/ 62,98.4%),下盏结石碎石成功率为66.7%(2/3),输尿管上段、肾上、中盏和肾盂内结石的碎石成功率为100%(59/59)。未发生输尿管穿孔、撕脱及大出血等严重并发症。平均手术时间35 min(12~55 min),平均住院时间7 d(6~9 d)。术后一过性肾绞痛1例,无脓毒血症及急性肾功能不全发生。4周后复查KUB或尿路CT平扫提示总结石排净率为87.3%(55/63),输尿管上段、肾上、中盏及肾盂内结石术后排净率为91.5%(54/59),肾下盏结石术后排净率为25.0%(1/4)。8例结石残留,其中3例结石位于肾下盏。
3 讨论
输尿管软镜以其独有的优越性在处理上尿路结石特别是肾盏、肾盂内结石及部分输尿管上段结石中发挥着越来越重要的作用。软镜镜体纤细而柔韧,镜体末端可上、下弯曲最大角度170°~180°,容易通过输尿管扭曲及狭窄,对输尿管、肾脏黏膜损伤较轻,结合先进的钬激光碎石设备,可以观察和处理硬镜下不易到达的输尿管近段和肾盂、肾盏结石,使结石治疗范围较之输尿管硬镜大大拓展,且获得更高的结石清除率、更少的术后并发症,近年来备受推崇。软镜能够寻及绝大多数肾盏结石,但碎石的成功率取决于肾脏结石的位置,中上盏结石的软镜碎石成功率高于下盏结石,当软镜操作通道置入激光光纤后最大弯曲角度会有所减小,增加了进入下盏的难度,且由于解剖学原因,中上盏结石的排净率高于下盏结石。国外Perlmutter等[1]报道肾上、中、下盏结石行软镜碎石的成功率分别为100.0%、95.8%和90.9%。输尿管软镜碎石术亦适用于一些伴特殊疾患如肥胖、马蹄肾、盆腔异位肾结石及儿童等患者[2-7]。
输尿管软镜操作并非必须先留置输尿管通道鞘,但输尿管通道鞘的使用可以保证冲洗速度,维持视野清晰,减小镜体轴线旋转动作阻力,减少镜体反复进出输尿管而可能造成的黏膜损伤,并可减少因输尿管开口处进镜困难而使镜体弯曲于膀胱内致软镜损伤的可能性。同时,有利于冲洗液自通道鞘与镜体间隙引流,从而降低肾内压减少肾内静脉返流,明显改善碎石视野,缩短手术时间,降低并发症发生率[8]。输尿管通道鞘使软镜进入输尿管内变得更为方便,特别适合软镜需反复进入输尿管的操作。尤其是部分患者采用套石篮套取碎石时,必须有通道鞘作为辅助。也有作者认为使用输尿管通道鞘费用高,可能导致严重急性输尿管损伤以及造成远期输尿管狭窄的危险。本组均采用输尿管通道鞘,能降低肾盂内压力,减少冲洗液吸收,有利于碎石的排出,无输尿管穿孔、撕脱及大出血等严重并发症,未发生菌血症、脓毒血症等并发症。
多数经验认为中上盏结石的碎石成功率明显高于下盏[9-10]。研究发现输尿管软镜治疗肾下盏结石成功率主要与肾盂肾下盏角、肾下盏漏斗长度等解剖因素有关。对于较难处理的肾下盏结石,术前需考虑肾盂肾下盏角、肾下盏漏斗长度等解剖因素。肾下盏漏斗与肾盂所成的夹角增加了软镜进入肾下盏的难度,若肾盂肾下盏角<30°、肾下盏漏斗长度>3 mm,则碎石难以成功[11-12]。Geavlete等[12]研究41例肾盂肾下盏角发现,当>90°时,输尿管软镜碎石成功率为87.5%,30°~90°时为74%,<30°时为0%;当肾下盏漏斗长度<3 mm时为88.2%,>3 mm时为61.1%。针对上述问题,有报道用套石篮先将结石移位于肾盂或良好的碎石部位从而提高碎石成功率。本组采用C形臂X线机下实时监测有助于下盏的到达提高了寻及率和碎石率,但肾盂肾下盏角小、肾下盏漏斗长度长者,确实操作难度大,致放弃手术。
碎石时尽量从结石边缘开始,即所谓“蚕蚀法”碎石,将结石粉碎至<3 mm,便于术后结石碎片排出体外。若结石碎成较多碎块时,尽量先处理肾盏口近侧的碎石块,否则,若先处理肾盏深部的结石,近侧的结石可能被灌注液冲入肾盂或其他肾盏而遗漏。术中可将200 μm光纤作为参照物,结石碎片大小与之相当即达到非常理想的碎石效果,无需过于追求粉碎结石为粉末状,防止手术时间过长增加术后感染机会。
输尿管软镜的完好保护是手术得以开展并常规进行的重要保证。因为输尿管软镜价格昂贵,维修成本高,维修时间过长,若在少数病例或短时期内软镜即遭受损坏,则将严重制约软镜在临床的广泛应用。软镜的损坏原因多由于激光光纤、导丝等工具通过工作通道时造成的损伤,因而术中谨慎操作尤为重要。我们体会:(1)应尽量在置入输尿管软镜前留置输尿管通道鞘,并将通道鞘远端置于肾盂输尿管连接部或输尿管上段结石附近。除了有助于降低术中肾盂的压力,减少冲洗液吸收及术后并发症的发生率[13],并有利于碎石的排出外,软镜通道鞘的留置还方便了镜体的进出,保护了镜体。(2)当置入200 μm钬激光光纤时应尽量保持软镜前端处于伸直状态,防止光纤损伤、刺穿软镜内壁,碎石过程中注意防止光纤回缩而损伤镜体,这样才能最大程度保护软镜工作通道和镜头。本组一次软镜损坏即为光纤刺穿软镜内壁致视野障碍导致手术被迫中止。
总之,输尿管软镜结合钬激光是处理直径<20 mm上尿路结石的安全有效的手段。肾上、中盏及肾盂内结石较肾下盏结石碎石成功率高,结石排净率高。
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Clinical efficacy of flexible ureteroscope combined with Holmium laser in the treatment of upper urinar calculi:a report of 63 cases
XIAO Yun-zheng,ZHOU Qi,YUAN Gan-ning,HE Dong,ZHAO Shu-hua,XIONG Li. Department of Urology,Xili People's Hospital,Shenzhen 518055,Guangdong,CHINA
ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of flexible ureteroscope combined with Holmium laser for treatment of upper urinary calculi,and to analyze the influencing factors of the success rate of lithotripsy. MethodsSixty-three patients with upper urinary calculi were enrolled in the study,with the stone size ranged from 10~20 mm in diameter(14 mm in average),including 30 patients of upper ureteral calculi,6 of upper calyx calculi,5 of middle calyx calculi,4 of lower calyx calculi,12 of pelvis calculi,and 6 of multiple calyx calculi.The 220 μm Holmium laser lithotripsy was performed by flexible ureteroscope.The power of the laser was 0.8~1.5 J and frequency was 10~15 Hz.A follow-up by KUB or non-contrast CT scan was done 4 weeks after the procedure to evaluate the result of the endoscopic nephrolithotripsy.ResultsThe total successful pulverization rate of stone was 98.4%(61/62), and the successful rate for the lower calyx stones was 66.7%(in 2 of the 3 patients,the stone was not found during operation in one patient).The total evacuation rate of the calculi was 87.3%(55/63).For the calculi in the upper or middle pole or in the renal pelvis,the complete evacuation rate was 91.5%(54/59),which was significantly higher than that for the lower pole(25.0%).No serious complications were found,such as ureter perforation,avulsion and hemorrhage.ConclusionThe flexible ureteroscope and Holmium laser lithotripsy is safe and effective for upper urinary calculi sized less than 20 mm in diameter,especially for those in the upper and middle poles and renal pelvis.
Flexible ureteroscope;Holmium laser;Lithotripsy;Urinary calculi
R699.4
A
1003—6350(2013)06—0876—03
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2013.06.0375
2012-09-28)
肖运政。E-mail:heima13@163.com