低位直肠癌的治疗
2013-01-21李政昌
李政昌
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低位直肠癌的治疗
李政昌
从1998年开始,针对低位直肠癌,成功大学附属医院结直肠癌治疗团队一直使用术前放射及化学治疗,之后再行手术治疗,同时建造保护性肠造口。术后加以辅助化疗,化疗疗程结束后,再将肠道造口关闭。十年来,大多数患者都能顺利完成治疗且都存活至今,在此介绍我们的治疗经验。
直肠肿瘤; 直肠结肠切除术,重建性; 放射治疗剂量; 药物疗法,联合
传统上针对低位直肠癌,唯一的手术根治方法就是腹会阴全切除手术(abdominoperineal resection,APR)。自从Heald[1]教授于1982年发表了直肠及全系膜切除手术(total mesorectal excision,TME)后,低位直肠癌的治疗方法有了长足的进步。这个手术最大的效果就是有效降低了癌症局部复发率。同时,随着医师外科解剖知识的进步、新化疗药物的诞生,直肠癌的整体存活率也有显著提高。对于局部侵犯较厉害的低位直肠癌而言,很多临床报告都指出,术前放射及化学治疗能够有效缩小肿瘤的体积,提高了肿瘤完整切除的比率,且患者肛门括约肌保留的比率也大为提高[2-3]。为求更好的肿瘤控制率,肿瘤科医师开始加入了更新、更强的化疗药。但是,更新、更强的化疗药有时候会对患者造成较大的毒性,甚至无法再接受后续的治疗。有鉴于此,我们的治疗团队从1998年开始,在术前采用较低剂量的5-氟尿嘧啶配合放射治疗,目标是让患者接受完整疗程后,仍有体力接受手术治疗,以提高治愈的机会,且为了减少低位直肠癌患者术后吻合口漏的发生,我们采用暂时性横结肠或回肠造瘘的方法,大幅度提升了保存肛门括约肌的机率。
一、手术治疗低位直肠癌的相关因素
对于中低位直肠癌,外科医师会在患者俯卧的姿势下,用硬式直肠镜或肛诊来初步判定肿瘤距离肛门口的距离及肿瘤侵犯肠壁深度,再用计算机断层扫描检查局部淋巴结及远处扩散的程度,以决定是否需要接受术前放化疗。若上述检查仍无法确诊,需行核磁共振或直肠超声内镜检查以帮助临床诊断。在接受完整放化疗后,需再做相同检查,以评估治疗的成效。术后的肛门功能及排便次数会以纪念斯隆-凯特林癌症中心的肛门功能评分(memorial sloan-kettering cancer center anal function scores,MSK-AF)[4]做为判定。
对于已接受术前放化疗的直肠癌患者,“远端切除边缘”(distal resection margin)是一个影响肿瘤局部复发的重要因素。我们的治疗经验显示,接受术前放化疗和全系膜切除手术的低位直肠癌患者都能达到至少2 cm的远端切除边缘[5]。有研究显示,这类患者只需达到1 cm的远端切除边缘就已足够[6]。此外,环周切缘(circumferential resection margin)是另一个重要的预后因素[7]。对直肠癌患者而言,肿瘤如果侵犯到手术的环周切缘,患者的5年存活率、癌症的局部复发及远处转移率都会受到很大的影响[8-9]。这种影响对于术前未接受放疗的患者尤其明显。对于术前已接受放疗的患者,肿瘤侵犯至环周切缘的机会大大减少,虽然对癌症局部复发及远处转移的影响仍然存在,但相对于未接受放疗的患者而言其影响较小。近年来的研究显示,若术前的放化疗能达到病理肿瘤细胞完全缓解(pathological complete response,PCR),则患者术后的局部复发率会明显降低[10-12]。
在低位直肠癌患者中,和未接受术前放化疗的患者相比,接受过术前放化疗的患者手术标本中通常不会找到很多淋巴结,通常都会少于12个[13-14]。但是,如果在这样的手术标本中仍能够发现淋巴结转移,往往提示患者不良的预后[15]。经我科室手术的患者,其术后标本的淋巴结个数平均为8个,这一结果和西方大型试验EORTC trial 22921结果相符[5,16-25]。
以往很多外科医师都会争论,对于直肠切除的患者,是否要加上保护性的横结肠或回肠造口以减少吻合口漏的机率[17]。近年来,愈来愈多的临床结论逐渐朝向常规建造保护性横结肠或回肠造口以减少手术后的并发症发生[18-20]。近期的一篇Meta分析显示,在结直肠癌患者中,术后吻合口漏对于癌症的局部复发及存活率都有不良的影响[21]。我们的患者若术前接受过放化疗,术中会常规地建造保护性横结肠或回肠造口,因此我们的早期及晚期手术并发症发生率都相对较低。对于大多数的患者,在切除直肠后我们都会建造一个保护性的横结肠造口,方法是在右上腹壁打开一个切口,再将横结肠经由此切口拉到体外,用一根软管穿过横结肠的系膜并固定在皮肤上作为支撑,然后切开横结肠,用可吸收线将肠壁和皮肤做一整圈的缝合。我们认为,不需要在肠道与腹壁间做加强性的缝合,这样的好处是当需要关闭造口时,横结肠与腹壁的界面比较容易分开。之后我们只需要切除一圈横结肠黏膜与皮肤的交界即可将横结肠缝合关闭,手术时间短且操作简单,不需要切除整个造口以及肠道缝合手术,术后并发症的发生率自然较少。除了早期已有复发或转移的患者未接受肠造口关闭手术,其余的患者都可以关闭其保护性肠造口。所以,根据我们的经验,常规建造保护性肠造口,不只可以减少手术后并发症的发生,而且可以保证患者的安全治疗。
另外,患者在接受手术后,由于直肠失去了收纳粪便的功能,患者术后的排便次数会明显增加,生活质量也会受到很大的影响。有研究显示,术前放疗对于术后肛门括约肌功能的恢复会有影响[22]。我们的经验显示,在患者接受肠道造口关闭手术后的第1个月,只有约1/3的患者能有满意的大便次数(每天约1~4次,且无明显失禁);但在造口关闭2年后,近90%的患者有满意的大便次数。换句话说,每天的排便次数会随着时间而改善,大约在术后2年时达到稳定状态[23]。
从1998年至今,成功大学附属医院的低位以及局部侵犯较严重的直肠癌患者,大多都可接受完整的放疗及化疗,在治疗6至8周后再接受手术治疗。截至2009年,有21%接受术前放化治疗的患者达到了病理肿瘤细胞完全缓解,将近50%的患者肿瘤可以缩小一半以上,且只有1.6%的患者有三级以上的放射或化疗毒性反应。约90%的术后患者会接受为期六个月的术后辅助化疗。长期追踪的结果显示患者5年存活率达到83.6%,5年无癌复发存活率达到69.3%,局部癌症复发率达到3%。我们的结果和其他同样使用术前放射及化学治疗的前瞻性试验结果相同[24]。大多数的试验都能达到8%~20%的病理肿瘤细胞完全缓解率,少数报告可达到30%的病理肿瘤细胞完全缓解率[25-26],这是因为试验通常加入了更强的化疗或靶向药物,治疗的同时会增加并发症的发生,也会使患者不愿意继续接受治疗。
综上所述,成功大学附属医院结直肠癌治疗团队的经验显示,针对低位直肠癌患者,术前放射及化学治疗可以达到较好的病理肿瘤细胞缓解率,又因为毒性较低,患者都能承受完整的治疗过程。此方法即在放射治疗后的6至8周行直肠全系膜切除术及保护性横结肠造口手术,可以保证高质量手术的实施,有利于癌症的局部控制、减少患者的痛苦。
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李政昌.低位直肠癌的治疗[J/CD].中华结直肠疾病电子杂志,2013,2(5):214-216.
Thetreatmentoflowrectalcancer
LIZheng-chang
DivisionofColorectalSurgery,DepartmentofSurgery,NationalChengKungUniversityHospital,CollegeofMedicine,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan70403,Taiwan
Correspondingauthor:LIZheng-chang,Email:leejc@mail.ncku.edu.tw
Since 1998,the multidisciplinary team of colorectal cancer started to perform neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for lower rectal cancer.For every patient who completed the neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy treatment course,total mesorectal excision with defunctioning colostomy or ileostomy would be done.After completion of post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy,the defunctioning colostomy or ileostomy would be closed surgically.We presented our treatment results here.
Rectal neoplasms; Proctocolectomy,restorative; Radiotherapy dosage; Drug therapy,combination
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2013.05.01.
70403 台南,成功大学医学院附设医院外科部(Email:Leejc@mail.ncku.edu.tw)
2013-08-15)
(本文编辑:陈瑛罡)