大学英语四、六级考试常用的翻译方法与技巧
2012-07-09梅妮
翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。(张培基等,1980)它需要对原文有准确的理解然后用适当的文字确切的表达出来。大学英语四、六级考试题型之一是翻译,常另部分考生束手无策,但是它是有方法有技巧可循的。尤其对于非英语专业考生来说,掌握基本的翻译方法与技巧是十分必要的。通过分析四、六级考试真题,可以总结出如下常用的翻译方法与技巧。
一、词义的选择
英国著名语言学家弗斯(J·R·Firth, 1890—1960)说:“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”意思是说,一个词的词义随其所在上下文而变化,或同一个词在不同的地方会有不同的意思。(郭著章等,2003)因此根据上下文选择适当的词义是非常重要的。
例:
1. We look forward to being invited to attend the opening ceremony. (被邀请出席开幕式)(10年6月四级真题)
“attend”有多个意思,如“出席”、“上(大学等)”、“照料”等, 此例句中是取其“出席”之意。
2. You would not have failed if you had followed my instructions. (按照我的指令去做) (09年12月四级真题)
“instruction”有“教导”、“指令”、“说明”等意,此例句中是取其“指令”之意。
3. Our efforts will pay off if the results of this research can be applied to the development of new technology. (能应用于新技术的开发)(08年6月四级真题)
“apply”有“申请”和“应用”之意,此例句中取其“应用”之意。
二、 词类的转译
在翻译过程中,由于两种语言的语法和习惯的表达差异,在保证原文意思不变的情况下,有时候需要改变词类(任智巍,2003)。
例:
1.Since my childhood I have found that nothing is more attractive to me than reading(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力).(06年12月四级真题)
此例句中“吸引力”本是名词,我们翻译时将其转译为形容词“attractive”比较好。
2. In order to finance my education/studies(为了挣钱供我上学),mother often takes on more work than is good for her. (06年6月四级真题)
此例句中“上学”本是动词,我们翻译时将其转译为名词"study"或"education"比较好。
三、 增词法
增词法就是在翻译时按意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺的表达原文的思想内容(张培基等,1980)。增词法也是四级考试里翻译题型常用的技巧之一。
1.Some psychologists claim that people might feel lonely when they are far from home. (出门在外时可能会感到孤单)
此例句中“when”的时间状语从句中需要增加主语“they”。(06年12月四级真题)
2. How long does a jacket like this last me? It all depends on how often you wear it. (这要看你多长时间穿一次)(09年12月六级真题)
此例句中“穿”后面的宾语实际上是前面的"jacket", 所以翻译时要加上宾语,为了避免重复要用it代替。
四、 从句的译法
四六级考试翻译题型里常出现的从句主要有名词从句、定语从句和状语从句。
1.名词从句
四六级考试里出现的英语名词从句主要包括主语从句和宾语从句两大类,翻译此类句子时大多不用改变句子顺序。
(1) 主语从句
从四六级考试历年真题来看,其中出现的主语从句主要由what引导。
例:
What many people don't realize (很多人没有意识到的) is that Simon is a lover of sports, and football in particular. (09年6月四级真题)
(2) 宾语从句
在四六级考试历年真题里出现的宾语从句主要由why、that引导
例:
①Your resume should attract a would-be boss's attention by demonstrating why you are the best candidate for a certain position. (为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选)(08年12月六级真题)
②Civilized men do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. (并未意识到被剥夺了生活所必需的东西。)(06年6月四级真题)
③ it 做形式宾语
She has decided to go on a diet, but finds it hard to resist the temptation of ice cream.(很难抵冰淇淋的诱惑。)(09年6月六级真题)
2.定语从句
四六级历年真题里出现的定语从句都是为限制性的,主要分为不带介词和带介词的。
① 不带介词的
例:
We can say a lot of things about those who devote their whole lives to poetry(毕生致力于诗歌的人): they are passionate, impulsive, and unique.(08年6月六级真题)
② 带介词的
Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems to which they have no answers till now. (他们至今还没有答案)(08年12月四级真题)
3. 状语从句
(1) 时间状语从句
例:
① Scientists agree that it will be a long time before we find the methods to cure cancers. (我们找到治愈癌症的方法)(09年12月四级真题)
② The anti-virus agent was not known until a doctor found it by chance.(直到一名医生偶然发现了它)(08年12月四级真题)
③Some psychologists claim that people might feel lonely when they are far from home.(出门在外时可能会感到孤独)(06年12月四级真题)
(2)条件状语从句
例:
① You'd better take a sweater with you in case it turns cold. (以防天气变冷)(08年12月四级真题)
② Please come here at ten tomorrow morning if it is convenient for you. (如果你方便的话)(07年6月四级真题)
五、 倒装的译法
四六级考试中常出现的倒装有:
1. only修饰副词、状语从句或介词短语位于句首时
例:
①Only when I reached my thirties did I realize that reading could not be neglected. (我才意识到读书时不能被忽视的。)(10年12月六级真题)
②Only in the small town does he feel secure and relaxed.(他才感到安全和放松)(07年6月六级真题)
2. 否定副词或短语如never, hardly, little, seldom, by no means, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances等位于句首时。
例:
① He assured his friend that under no circumstances would he break his promise to pay back the money. (他会违背还钱的承诺)(10年6月六级真题)
② Never once have the old couple quarreled with each other(老两口互相争吵)since they were married 40 years ago. (08年6月六级真题)
③ The manager never laughed; neither did she lose her temper. (她也从来没有发过脾气)(10年6月四级真题)
3. not until置于句首时。
例:
Not until the deadline did he send out(直到截止日期他才寄出)his application form.(06年12月六级真题)
4. as 引导的让步状语从句中,表语、副词、动词原形要放到句首。
例:
Much regretted as I felt(我感到遗憾), I was unable to finish the work on time.
六、虚拟语气的翻译方法
例:
①Many educators advise that kids should not be addicted to computer games.(不要沉溺于电脑游戏)
②Nancy is supposed to have finished her chemical experiment(做完化学实验)at least two weeks ago. (08年6月六级真题)
③If you had followed my advice, you would not have been in trouble. (听从了我的忠告,你就不会陷入麻烦)。(06年12月六级真题)
④Hadn't been so strict with herself, she wouldn't have made such great success. (不会取得这么大的进步)
⑤The manager could have attended the meeting in person (本可以亲自参加会议), but he was called away for some urgent business abroad. (09年12月六级真题)
参考文献:
[1]张培基,喻云根,李宗杰.彭谟禹.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1980.
[2]任智巍.大学英语四六级翻译方法与技巧[J].哈尔滨:哈尔滨学报,2003.
(作者简介:梅妮(1985-) ,女 ,湖北松滋人,长江大学外国语学院在职研究生,助教,长江大学文理学院外语学部英语教师,研究方向:英语教育。)