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谈谈初中学生英语口语能力的培养

2012-04-29傅红英

读写算·素质教育论坛 2012年20期
关键词:口头报告功能型图画

傅红英

有人说,学生学英语的目的应该是阅读,而不是说话。这显然是片面的。人们用语言进行交际,无非是口语和书面语两种形式,而两者相比,不论是从语言的发展或学习语言的自然规律来看,都应是口语居先。如果不会说只会读怎么算得上是学会了一种语言呢?人们说某人的英语好,自然指的是他的英语说得好。学生到学校来学英语,首先怀着的愿望便是她们能学会讲英语。在初中入学之时,学会了互道“Good-bye”“Good morning”“Nice to meet you”时,往往表现很浓的兴趣。家长在听到孩子在家里说:“Mummy,I am hungry.”“May I watch TV, Dad?”即使是非常简单的英语,他们的心情也是高兴,但是随着年龄的增长,他们越来越怕开口,怕出错被人笑,因此,所学英语变成了哑巴英语,而在九年级教学中也把大量时间都花在阅读能力的提高上,这样忽略了学生的口语能力的培养。据报道,教学以听说领先,能大大地提高他们学习英语的兴趣和热情。下面谈谈培养中学生口语能力的几点方法。

一、(值日生)口头报告

(值日生)口头报告在许多学校都有实施,通常在刚刚上课时,值日生会站起来做简短的口头报告,报告日期、天气、缺席者等等。口头报告如果组织得好、引导得好,对发展学生的说话能力大有帮助,因为这不是背诵课文或对话,而是表达个人的思想。若能持之以恒,学生便会增加信心和经验。但是不少教师并没有费神去计划、组织和引导这项课程活动,只把这种报告内容当作是例行公事。结果九年级的学生报告内容与七年级的学生的报告内容没有多大的区别。

口头报告的引导方法是多方面的:

1.对口头报告的内容要有一个长期的安排。报告内容通常有:dates,weather,absence,reason for absence, the days schedule, personal experience, films,stories ,TV programs, sports news and important events.以上这些话题,有可以安排在七八年级。有些可以安排在九年级,同一个话题起码要使用一周,便让学生熟悉这方面的词汇和表达法,经反复练习得以巩固。

在值日生口头报告之时,可事先给他们一些问题,提示以及主要的单词和词组,以“电影”这个话题为例,教师可以先给口头报告者提供:What film? When did you see it? Do you like it or dislike it? Why? (good, bad interesting,dull ,etc.) Do you want to see it again? Whats it about? (workers, farmers, teachers ,students, the old, the young, children, etc.) 再如学完一般现在时,让学生做口头报告:What do you usually do on Sunday?

可以给他们提供相关的典型的句子:

On Sunday I usually—

—stay in bed late

—get up at about 9:30

—visit friends

—go to the parks with my parents in the afternoon

—watch TV in the evening

—go to bed at eleven

通过对典型句子的分析,学生的脑子里就会有一个点的影响,就能把握住这一单元的主要内容,同时也把它们转化成了自己的东西。

2.报告可逐渐扩充。因此,同样话题,便将呈螺旋式上升之势。以weather为例,对八年级上学期的学生可满足于: “Its a fine day today. Its not cold. Its warm” 八年级下学可引导学生扩展成: “Its a fine day today. Yesterday was a fine day, too But the weather report says its going to rain tomorrow. I hope it wont rain tomorrow, because we are going to have our holiday!”

3.教师还可以提前一两天发给学生一张图画或一组图画,让值日生先准备,在看图报告时,要把图画对向全班同学。同时应鼓励学生使用课本中学过的词组和句型。例如,学生刚学过形容词的比较级,给学生的图画里可体现下列内容或直接把问题附在图画下面:Is today hotter then yesterday? Was yesterday colder? What about yesterdays football match? Which team played better?

看图报告的练习起始间段可让值日生邀几个同学先准备,大家七嘴八舌地说,由值日生书面记下,并把材料组织好,然后第二天再在上课时间向班里作口头报告。

假如学生学过有关英国、美国或其它英语国家的课文,教师便可发给学生上面这些国家的图片、邮票、地图、明信片等,让学生看图报告。有些学生在教师的帮助下,报告得相当出色,有一个学生手里拿着美国图片做了以下的口头报告:Today Ill tell you something about the United States. The United Sates is a very big country, almost as big as China. It is the fourth largest country in the world. It has 50 states. Its capital is Washington D.C. Another big city is New York .Its also one of the biggest cities in the world. The United States is in North America.

教师还要想法使得每个学生都注意倾听该同学的口头报告, 有时可叫一二个学生把他们所听到的口头报告复述一下。

二、问答练习

问答练习也是行之有效的一种让学生练习说英语的手段之一。在进行这个练习宜注意以下列事项。

1.所提的问题要根据难易分类。通常可以分为三个层次:

第一层次——其回答可在课文中直接找到的。

第二层次——其回答不能直接从课文中找到的,而需要进行一些推理引申的。

第三层次——根据学生自己的看法和见解为基础而实际的问题。现在以九年级课本中的一段落为例来加以说明:

School ended a little earlier. We all went to the football field, and soon the game started, We were playing against No.64 Middle School. It was a draw, when we played against them last time. They were all very big and strong, and we felt a little afraid of them. Though we were neither very big nor strong, we were a good team, we play together very well. But still we werent sure if we could beat them. “Dont worry.”Mr. Hu said. “Just remember ——TEAM WORK!”

第一层:Which team did they play against? What was No.64 Middle schools football like?

第二层:Could the writers team win the match? Why?

第三层:What do we learn from this passage?

2.问答练习可以根据学生已学过的例句进行设计。如刚学完形容词和副词的比较级,则下面的问答不仅有助于巩固所学的知识,也有助于训练学生说英语:

Who is taller, you or your sister? Who is older, you or Mary? Which one is more difficult, this lesson or the last one ? Which do you like best, football, basketball or volleyball? etc.

3.问答练习可根据图画进行设计。根据挂图或自画简笔画,教师可自己先看图叙述,然后,再提问学生,也可以直接提问学生。如七年级学现在进行时,可指着图画问:

What is the girl doing ? Is the man working near the house ?etc.

4.要重视交际功能型问题的练习,交际功能型的问题能把学生的注意力从固定的课文中引开,进入到外界社会中的真是日常生活中去。下面的离子说明这位教师在课堂上,根据学生的问答实际情况随机应变,从而使学生转入交际功能型的练习:

T: When did you get up?

S1:I got up at seven this morning.

T: When did you do to bed yesterday?

S2 :I went to bed at eight.

T: When did you go to bed last night?

S3: I went to bed at eleven.

教师说:Oh, too late.然后他提问了一下一些问题:Why so late? What were you doing then? Do you often go to bed so late? Its too late for a boy of fourteen to go to bed at eleven, isnt it? Do any of you go to bed as late as he does?顿时,课堂气氛活跃了起来,同时达到了交际功能型的练习目的。

5.Yes-no问答练习,教师把一张卡片给一个学生,卡片上写着一个人名,或一只动物或其它物体。班里的学生先问几个问题(如十个)有持卡人回答Yes或No,最后由提问题的学生猜出卡片的人名或物名。这样让学生在游戏活动中,运用所学的语言知识手机信息,完成交际任务。如:Student A thinks of a famous woman, one of the other students begins by asking questions about her.

A: Is she Chinese?

B: Yes, she is.

A: Is she a famous actress?

B: No, she isnt.

A: Is she good at sports?

B: Yes, she is.

A: Has she ever been a world champion?

B: Yes she is.

A: Is her name Deng Yaping ?

B: Yes, it is.

3.角色扮演

让学生运用新旧语言知识,通过情景创设,自编对话,进行角色扮演。

如在学习有关购物的句型时,结合功能项目让小组创设购物情景(事先准备好不同型号、颜色、款式的衣服),扮演顾客和售货员。在角色扮演中通常会用到以下的所学的交际用语:

What can I do for you ?

Id like——for me daughter.

Do you like this one?

Can I try it on?

Its (not) cheap enough, Im afraid, I cant decide which one to buy.

Have you got——? Please take you time.

Thats fine. Ill take it——

再如,学习有关打电话的句型时,结合功能项目 “passing on message”让学生就前几个单元所学的话题,自编对话,进行角色扮演,并在对话中运用所学的有关打电话的交际用语。

除了以上做法,教师还可以帮助学生搞采访或设立咨询台等来提高问答练习。

总之,教师在教学中应千方百计训练学生说英语的能力,而且要从低年级开始训练。学语音、学词汇,学句型等本身都不是目地,而是达到学会交流这个目的的手段。因此课堂上要想法让学生敢说、肯说且有话可说,真正提高说的技能。

(责任编辑全玲)

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