“在产前诊断中应用羊水病毒PCR技术的时机选择”点评
2012-01-21郭丽丽
郭丽丽
(同济大学附属第一妇婴保健院,上海 200040)
1 原文摘要
ObjectivesTo determine which prenatal ultrasound findings indicate the need to also obtain PCR studies for viral genome in women undergoing midtrimester amniocentesis.
Methods This was a retrospective observational study on women that underwent amniotic fluid karyotyping and viral PCR testing for history or ultrasound based indication.Amniotic fluid was tested for adenovirus,cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus,enterovirus,Epstein-Barr virus,and parvovirus B19 using multiplex PCR study with multiple appropriate controls.Ultrasound findings were coded as normal or abnormal with 34 categories of ultrasound abnormality stratified into 18 subgroups.Relationships between these subgroups and karyotype/PCR results were tested by Pearson chi-square method or Fisher's exact test and overall logistic regression analysis.
ResultsAmniotic fluid samples from 1191 patients were obtained for the study.Abnormal karyotype was detected in 5.4%of cases(64/1191),and PCR was positive in 6.5%of cases(77/1191).Abnormal fetal ultrasonographic findings were observed in 28.4%of cases(338/1191).There was an association between intrauterine growth restriction,nonimmune hydrops fetalis,hand/foot anomalies or neural tube defects(NTDs),and PCR positivity.NTDs were associated with PCR positivity in fetuses with normal karyotype and nuchal thickening,cardiac or ventral wall defects were specifically associated with aneuploidy.
ConclusionAmniotic fluid viral PCR testing should be considered for fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction, nonimmune hydropsfetalis, hand/foot anomalies,or NTDs.After aneuploidy is excluded,NTDs are associated with PCR positivity.
2 论文核心内容及点评
该文章于2012年1月由《Prenatal Diagnosis》杂志发表。作者采用了回顾性研究方法对羊水病毒PCR技术在中孕期产前诊断中的应用时机进行了深入的分析和探讨。主要内容如下:
PCR技术作为快速且先进的分子遗传学诊断方法,通过对病毒核酸的检查用于宫内病毒感染的诊断,具有较高的敏感性和特异性,在产前诊断中有助于做出快速、正确的临床决策。由于羊水PCR检查费用较高,不适合作为常规筛查方法,故选择合适的人群显得尤为重要。本文作者认为,产前超声检查中某些特殊的表现可能与宫内病毒感染相关,在对该人群行羊水胎儿核型分析时,可以同时考虑行羊水病毒PCR检查。
为了验证该设想,作者采用了回顾性研究方法,筛选出了以病史或产前超声检查中异常等为指征而行羊水胎儿核型分析和羊水病毒PCR检查的1191例病例,羊水穿刺时孕周为16~28周。采用多重PCR检查了羊水样本中包括腺病毒、巨细胞病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、肠病毒、EB病毒和微小病毒B19在内的共6种病毒。超声检查异常的患者分为18个亚组,共计34项。作者采用了Pearson卡方法或Fisher精确检验和整体的Logistic回归分析对每个亚组和核型分析/羊水病毒PCR检查结果的相关性进行检验。
该研究共收集了1996年3月至2007年3月期间在作者单位行羊膜腔穿刺的所有病例,共计1336例,其中145例由于存在双胎妊娠、穿刺时不在14~28孕周内、宫内胎儿死亡和羊水细胞培养失败等原因被排除。在其余1191例患者中,核型异常、PCR阳性和产前超声检查异常患者分别占5.4%、6.5%和28.4%。
产前超声检查中胎儿生长受限(intrauterine growth restriction,FGR)、神经管缺陷(neural tube defects,NTDs)、胎儿手足异常和非免疫性水肿(nonimmune hydrops fetalis,NIHF)等异常与PCR结果阳性显著相关。其中,15.4%(10/69)的FGR胎儿与27.8%(5/18)的NTDs胎儿腺病毒PCR结果阳性;NIHF胎儿中分别有6.8%(1/15)和20%(3/15)微小病毒B19和巨细胞病毒PCR结果阳性。
多因素Logistic回归分析分别检验了羊水PCR阳性(A组)、PCR阳性/核型正常(B组)、核型异常(C组)以及PCR阴性/核型异常(D组)等4组和不同超声异常亚组间的相关性,结果显示虽然NTDs或胎儿手足异常均与A组相关,但仅NTDs与B组相关。胎儿颈部透明层厚度增厚(nuchal thickening,NT)、心脏或腹壁缺损及超声检查中疑似宫内感染的标志性改变等超声异常亚组仅与D组相关,提示NTDs仅与PCR结果异常且核型分析正常的胎儿相关,而胎儿颈部透明层厚度增厚与心脏或腹壁缺损特异地与核型分析异常的胎儿相关。
本文有以下几个方面对临床具有参考价值:首先,虽然羊水病毒PCR检查具有准确、快速等优势,但它是有创的检查且价格昂贵,必须有针对性地筛选高危人群进行检查;其次,产前超声检查为临床上有效筛选这些病例提供了可能,其中孕16~28周期间超声检查提示FGR、NIHF、NTDs及胎儿手足异常等与羊水PCR阳性显著相关,提示上述超声异常情况是宫内病毒感染的高危因素;最后,在排除羊水染色体核型异常的情况下,NTDs与羊水PCR阳性显著相关。