浅析英语中表示被动意义的几个非谓语结构的用法

韩耀星

【摘要】表示被动意义的非谓语动词,在初高中英语教学中,困惑着许多英语教师的专业成长。因为它们理解起来比较抽象,区别比较微妙。本文就针对中学英语教学中常见的几种表示被动含义的非谓语动词,将它们的用法和区别加以分析。

【关键词】非谓语动词被动区别

非谓语动词在整个英语教学中是一个重点,也是难点,尤其是表示被动的几个结构,对某些中学英语教师来说,是一种很大的困惑。近期我在网上浏览,所见到的到处是诸如“having been done, being done, done有什么区别”等的求助信息。笔者在多年的英语教学中,根据自己的教学经验和积累感悟,总结出在英语中常见的几种表示被动的非谓语结构,以及它们之间的区别和用法,下面就一一进行分析。

一、常见的几种表示被动含义的非谓语动词形式

1. doing(ing分词的一般形式)

2. being done(ing分词的一般形式的被动式)

3. having been done(ing分词的完成形式的被动式)

4. to do(动词不定式的一般形式)

5. to be done(动词不定式的一般形式的被动式)

6. to have been done(动词不定式的完成形式的被动式)

7. done(动词的过去分词形式)

二、用法

1. doing表示被动意义的用法并不是很多见,这在英语中叫作主动形式表被动,主要用于以下几种情况中:

(1)三个“需要”:need, want, require。当它们后接动词表示被动含义时,要求使用ing形式。如:

①My clock runs faster so it needs repairing.(相当于to be repaired)

②The house is too old and it requires mending.(相当于to be mended)

(2)“值得”:be worth doing,该词组中的doing部分表示被动含义。如: Luxuns works is worth reading. 在这里的“is worth reading”相当于“is worthy to be read或is worthy of being read”。

2. being done表示与逻辑主语形成被动关系,并且与谓语动词动作同时发生或基本同时发生。如:

(1)Being taken on the way to hospital, the child cried to see his mother. (作状语)

(2)Mr Smith likes being asked by his students. (作宾语)

(3)Just then all the villagers heard their county being attacked by the enemy. (作宾补)

3. having been done表示与逻辑主语形成被动关系,在谓语动词动作发生时,该动作已经发生或完成,它作状语时,常跟介词for的时间状语,作宾语时,常跟在一些必须要求跟动名词的动词后或者介词后。如:

(1)Having been kept in the cage for half a day, the bird became hungry. (作状语)

(2)Lucy is so happy for having been sent to the west as a teacher last month. (作宾语)

4. to do跟在某些表性质的形容词后面,形式上是主动,但表示被动意义。如:

(1)The question is easy to answer. 这问题容易回答。

(2)That book is difficult to understand. 那本书难懂。

5. to be done表示与逻辑主语形成被动关系,其动作发生在谓语动词动作之后。如:

(1)To be elected president next year, Jackson is doing what he can to appeal to people. (状语)

(2)Children, please get ready!There are 200 more trees to be planted this afternoon. (定语)

(3)Mr. Smith got into the police car, with a thief to be taken into the police office. (宾补)

6. to have been done表示与逻辑主语形成被动关系,在谓语动词动作发生时,该动作已经发生或完成,在句子中常作宾语,且跟在一些必须要求跟动词不定式的动词之后。如:

(1)Many reporters are said to have been sent the disaster area to interview already. (宾语)

(2)Most of the work is reported to have been completed by this morning. (宾语)

7. done表示与逻辑主语形成被动关系,在谓语动词动作发生时,该动作已经发生或完成,它在英语中运用比较广泛,在句子中可作定语、表语、宾补和状语。如:

(1)His father had a disease caused by smoking. (定语)

(2)A river in my hometown is polluted. (表语)

(3)The teacher spoke loudly to make himself heard by everyone. (宾补)

(4)Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks so beautiful. (状语)

三、done, having been done, to have been done之间的联系与区别

这三种非谓语形式与逻辑主语之间都存在着被动的关系,而且都表示在谓语动词动作发生之前已经发生或完成的动作。但它们又各不相同。从形式上看,done是动词的过去分词形式,having been done是ing分词的一种变化形式,而to have been done则是动词不定式的一种变化形式。从用法上看,having been done在句子中主要充当宾语或状语,作宾语时,它除了有被动和完成的概念以外,更重要的一点是在它前面必须有一个动词或介词,要求它用ing形式,而done在句子中不作宾语。作状语时,常跟有介词for的时间状语,而done不要求有这个条件。to have been done在句子中主要作宾语,而且在它前面必须有一个动词要求它用不定式的形式。done也不要求有这个条件。

总之,在英语学习中,语法有着相当突出的位置,但是,学习语法是为了更好、更快地学习英语,而不能把语法当做公式生搬硬套,只能把它作为英语学习中的一根拐杖,让学生在运用语言的过程中习得语法知识。