趣解“阅读理解”

曹　晨

阅读理解是各类英语试题中占分最多的一种题型，对考生英语得分的高低起着举足轻重的作用，有人甚至提出“得阅读者得天下”，可见我们需要十分地重视阅读理解题型的训练与提高。要提高阅读理解能力，除了必须具备较大的词汇量和较广的知识面之外，还要在阅读速度和阅读方法上追求突破。

常见的阅读理解答题步骤有两种：P-Q-P和Q-P-Q。P-Q-P即学生们常用的先看文章(passage)后看试题(questions)，然后再逐一查找原文细节的解题方法，这种方法过于按部就班，解题速度偏慢。第二种方法Q-P-Q要求学生先看测试题，然后带着问题在原文中找答案，这种方法针对性强，省时，但不少学生由于基础较差，在未读原文的情况下不能清晰的理解测试题题干和题干后设计的各选项，因而对这种方法浅尝辄止，很快又回归到第一种解题方法。

正确而有效的解题方法是先带着“主旨大意题”浏览全文确定文章大意，然后带着“细节理解题”和“推理判断题”再读原文，锁定细节题的做题依据，针对难以解答的题目仔细梳理上下文，根据一定的解题技巧对所有题目作出解答。为了帮助大家记住正确的解题步骤，本文将阅读理解答题步骤趣味性地解读为“阅”、“读”、“理”、“解”几个步骤。

一、阅——把握大意

先借助“主旨大意题”(如果有的话)把握全文大意。常见的“中心大意题有：①What is the article mainly about? ②What would be the best title for the passage? ③What is the subject discussed in the text? ④This passage is mainly about_____. ⑤From the passage we know _______.等等。很多文章一开始就展示其主题思想，或者先出现一段“引子”，然后语气一转，以however/but等词引出文章的中心。考生应先速读文章的第一段和最后一段，找到可能的主题思想(在第二遍细读时仍需对照确认)。

二、读——细读全文

在初步了解文章大意的基础上阅读文章后的其他测试题，带着这些“细节理解题”和“推理判断题”细读原文，从文章中找出答题依据。

三、理——理清关系

对于第二遍细读后仍不能搞清的测试题尤其是“推理判断题”需要仔细推敲上下文，弄清作者的写作目的和情感态度，要站在作者的角度而不是考生本人的角度思考问题。

四、解——正确作答

通过前面三个步骤的阅读思考学生应该已经能够解答大多数测试题，但仍然会有个别试题考生难以作出最后的判断，有些试题考生可能作出了错误的判断。因此，考生要掌握一些基本的阅读理解做题技巧。

1．在做“主旨大意题”的时候，如果开头没有表达文章的中心，可尝试找出每段的主题句，把注意力放在每一段的第一句或最后一句上，或者在阅读中基本了解每段的中心，然后进行总结概括。

2．在做“细节理解题”的时候，要注意原文细节与正确选项之间往往会进行同义替换，出题者一般不会用与原文完全相同表达法作为正确的选项。

3．学会做“生词猜测题”。要根据生词前后的相关信息进行推理，常见的猜测生词的方法有“词语定义法”、“同义关系法”、“上下文分析法等等。

下面举2008年高考英语试题全国卷1的C篇作一简要说明。

It is often necessary to release a fish, that is, set it free after catching, because it is too small, or you just dont want to take it home to eat. In some cases, releasing fish is a good measure that will help keep fish variety and build their population size. The Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (DGIF) encourages fishermen who practice catch-and-release fishing to use a few simple skills when doing so. The advice provided below will help make sure that the fish you release will survive (存活) to bite again another day.

－When catching a fish, play it quickly and keep the fish in the water as much as possible.

Dont use a net in landing the fish and release it quickly to prevent it from dying.

－Hold the fish gently. Do not put your fingers in its eyes. Dont wipe the scales (鱼鳞) off the

fish because it might cause it to develop a disease and reduce its chance of survival

－Remove your hook (鱼钩) quickly. If the hook is too deep or hooked in the stomach, cut the line

and leave the hook or the hook left inside will cause no serious problem to the fish.

－Take good care of the fish a moving it gently in water. Release the fish when it begins to struggle and is able to swim.

－Do not hold fish in a bucket or some other containers and later decide to release it. If you are going to release a fish, do so right away.

With a little care and by following the suggestions given above, you can give the released fish a better chance of survival.

64. People sometimes set a fish free after catching it because they_________.

A. dont want it to die B. hope it will grow quickly

C. dont want to have it as food D. want to practice their fishing skills

65. Which of the following will probably make a fish ill?

A. Taking the hook off it. B. Removing its scales.

C. Touching its eyes.D. Holding it in your hand.

66. A proper way to release a fish is to_________..

A. move it in water till it can swim B. take the hook out of its stomach

C. keep it in a bucket for some time D. let it struggle a little in your hand

67. What is the purpose or the text?

A. To show how to enjoy fishing. B. To persuade people to fish less often.

C. To encourage people to set fish free. D. To give advice on how to release fish.

【解题思路和步骤】

1．首先浏览四条测试题，确定第67题为“中心大意题”。根据文章第一段“It is often necessary to release a fish”和下文中围绕如何放鱼所提出的五条建议初步确定D项为文章的写作目的。

2．根据64、65、66三条细节测试题确定在细读全文时要特别关注涉及“人们有时抓到鱼后放鱼的原因”、“什么可能让鱼生病”以及“放鱼的正确方法”等细节。根据第一句“It is often necessary to release a fish, that is, set it free after catching, because it is too small, or you just dont want to take it home to eat.”，第二条建议中的“Dont wipe the scales (鱼鳞) off the fish because it might cause it to develop a disease and reduce its chance of survival.”和第四条建议中的“Release the fish when it begins to struggle and is able to swim.”逐条确定64、65、66的正确选项为C、B、A。

3．要识别正确选项与原文之间的同义替代关系，如65题题干部分“make a fish ill”对应于原文的“cause it to develop a disease and reduce its chance of survival”，B选项“Removing its scales”对应于原文的“wipe the scales (鱼鳞) off the fish”。

4．解题应融入各个步骤之中，本文强调的是“先带着主旨大意题确定文章大意，再带着细节理解题理解全文”，考生不可机械套用这“四步曲”。带着目的阅读短文，考生会惊喜地发现自己的阅读速度提高了，平时读文章不能理解大意和细节，带着问题阅读反而能理解清楚了。