浅析英语中部分连接短语的功能作用

刘　小

在高中课本中有许多起连接上下句功能的短语，但大都数学生对这些短语的功能及其用法概念肤浅，在写作中有时不能正确区分和加以运用。结果写出的文章语法上似乎正确，但缺少连贯性，使整个语篇读起来索然无味。因此在教学中教师必须引导学生注意这些惯用短语的使用，并注意其在语篇中的功能作用。现结合《牛津高中英语》课本和其它工具书，对这些短语的功能作用作一浅析。

一、表示详述关系

详述是对前一句子给出进一步的说明、评论或举例，它包括并列和阐述。

1. 并列：并列指后一句子对前一句子在语义上进行解释性或举例性说明，即前后两句具有同位意义。常用的短语有 “in other words”,“that is to say”, “for example”, “for instance” 等。如：

1) However, with VR we are able to do some things that could never be achieved in real

life.For example,I recently sent my ninety-year-old grand father on a trip to Africa using RealCine. (Book 4 P.43)

2) My name is Zhu Zhenfei and I am speaking for the‘pro-Internetside.That is to say,I believe that the Internet has positive effects on our lives. (Book 7 P 34)

3) Even in the West, though, black has negative meanings.For instance,in Hollywood

films, the bad fellows, such as burglars, often wear black. Black is also the colour worn by most Europeans and Americans when they are in mourning. (Book 9 P 47)

4) Literal translation,in other words, word-for-word translation, is not to be encouraged.

(当代英语常用短语用法词典)

2. 阐述： 阐述指后面内容不仅重述，而且复原、总结、核实前面的内容，它又可分为

校正，如： “or other”, “at least”, “to be more precise”等；顺便提及，如：“by the way”, “I mention” 等；退让，如：“in any case”等；总结，如：“in short”,“to sum up”,“in conclusion”, “in brief”等；核实，如： “in fact”,“as a matter of fact” 等。请看下面的例句。

1) We got home late last night, or rather, early this morning. (英汉大词典)

2) He said, in short,that more research is needed before a definite decision can be reached.

(当代英语常用短语用法词典)

3) I didnt fail my maths test after all; Miss Xu mixed up my result with someone elses!In fact,t one of the top scores in the class. (Book 1 P.34)

4) However, unlike what Jeff said, they didnt make my brothers hair fall out.By the way,do you know which pills your friend is thinking of taking? (Book 1 P 49)

5) Teenagers need 8to 10 hours of sleep each night.As a matter of fact, loss of sleep can make you look tired, and even cause you to put on weight. (Book 1 P.58)

二、表示延伸关系

延伸表达前述语义之外的内容，从正面或反面增加新的陈述，或交代例外情况。它包括添加、转折。

1. 添加：添加指语言使用者在说完或写完第一句后，意犹未尽，又补充了一些新的情况。它包括肯定添加和否定添加。表示肯定添加的短语有 “in addition”, “whats more” 等。表示否定添加的短语有 “not to mention”, “let alone” 等。例如：

1) With the help of these armies and other worthy organizations the UN assists the victims of

wars and disasters.In addition, the UN helps protect human rights and works to improve international laws, for example, those on child labour. (Book 6 p. 50)

2) We succeeded in completing our work,and whats more, we acquired a lot of experience.

(新编英语短语用法辨析词典)

3) We are too busy to take a long holiday this year,not to mention the fact that we couldnt afford it.(新编英语短语用法辨析词典)

4) He cant speak English,let alone German. (新编英语短语用法辨析词典)

5) They never think of it, let alone do it. (新编英语短语用法辨析词典)

2. 转折： 转折指后一句子的语义与前一句子相反。表示转折添加的短语有 “on the other

hand”, “ in spite of” 等。例如：

1) On the one hand, some scientists point out that if you clone an embryo, you can produce

valuable tissues and organs that could be used to save human lives. On the other hand, many people, including some scientists, disagree and fear that if mankind interferes with nature in this way, they may be on their way to producing a real-life Frankensteins monster.(Book 5 P, 42 )

2)In spite of the fact that at first we were not successful, we may try it again. (新编英语短语

用法辨析词典)

3. 变更： 变更指后一句子部分或全部地替代前一句子。它包括替代，如：“on the

contrary”, 排除，如：“apart from”,“except that” 等。例如：

1) He didnt say he liked it. On the contrary, he was very much against it. (英语惯用短语词典)

2) Even though her training meant that she had to liveapart from her parents, she was happy

to devote herself to gymnastics. (Book 6 P. 18 )

3) Your composition is very goodexcept that there are a few spelling mistakes. (新编英语短语用法辨析词典)

三、表示增强关系

语义的增强是一个句子给另一个句子提供有关时空、方式、因果、等环境信息，在句

子中相当于句子形式出现的状语。

1. 时空：语篇中的时空包括时间连接和空间连接。时间连接指事件发生的时间关系。

句子出现的先后顺序可反映事件的同时发生。时间连接不仅涉及事件本身的先后顺序，也可涉及语篇内各部分的相互关系。主要的短语有 “at the same time”, “in the end”, “all the time”,“in the meaning time” 等。空间连接指事件发生的空间关系，常用的短语有 “in front of”, “in the first place”等。例如：

1) You can fool all the people some of time, and some of the people all the time, but you can not fool all the peopleall the time. (英语惯用语大词典)

2) John did pass the test; the same timedidnt know the subject very well. （英语惯用短语词典）

3) I will leave for Canada next month; In the meantime, I will have to say good-bye to you.

(新编英语短语用法辨析词典)

4) From my study window, you can see a mountain in front of you. (英语搭配大词典)

2. 方式： 方式连接指运用表示对比意义的短语如 “in contrast”,“by comparison”, “by any means” 等连接词扩展语义。例如：

1) It is hot in the desert in the day, but in contrast, it is very cold at night. (新编英语短语用法辨析词典)

2) The vast majority of social encounters are, by comparison, mild and muted affairs. (英语惯用法大词典)

3) If the weather is by any means suitable, we will play the match on Tuesday. (现代英语用法词典)

3. 因果：因果连接包括导致某结果的理由或采取某行动的目的。因果连接关系处理的可以是客观事实，也可以是假设性条件。常用的短语有 “as a result”, “no wonder”, “in that case” 等。例如：

1) He spent much of his childhood with his grandfather and father, who were both engineers.As a result,he began designing and making things when he was very young.(Book 11 P. 34)

2) No wonder you couldnt find the book---it had fallen behind the chair. (英语惯用短语词典)

3) That means the price is likely to go down because of the competition.In that case, do you

want to wait? (Book 7 P. 9)

本文从以上几点论述了某些短语在英语中起连接功能作用的意义。如果在英语学习中对这些短语的内涵意义有清楚的认识，对理解整个语篇的内容会起着极大的帮助的，同时对学生在写作中恰当表达句子的含义，使之通顺、连贯也是有益的。因此在学习中必须多观察、多分析，才能真正掌握该语言，从而说出和写出合乎英语习惯的句子。