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英语名词性从句用法解析

2009-05-22于海霞

中学课程辅导·高考版 2009年6期
关键词:中作同位语语序

于海霞

名词性从句就是相当于名词的句子在句子中作从句,充当主语,宾语,表语和同位语,因而可把名词性从句分为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的关键词有: that, who, whom, whether, if, what, which, when, where, why, whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever 等。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中几乎都有涉及。在高考中,命题的角度主要是错用,滥用引导词,引导词意义的理解及其逻辑关系等。考查内容不仅侧重引导名词性从句的引导词之间意义上的区别,而且也越来越注重句子前后的逻辑关系,以及连接词引导其他从句的联系及区别。每年的命题各有变化,但自习分析高考试题,不难看出,这一部分内容主要从以下几个方面进行考查:

一、语序问题

在名词性从句中,除了关联词在从句之首外,其他部分应用陈述句的语序 (名词性从句的语序是连词,连接代词或连接副词+陈述语气)。而考生们往往使用疑问句的语序,特别是在以wh-引起的名词性从句中。克服这个问题的关键就是要找准从句的主语。

例如:The photographswill show youwhat our village looks like.

He asked how much I paid.

1. These shoes look very good. I wonder______. (2006上海春)

A. How much cost they areB. how much do they cost

C. how much they cost D. how much are they cost

【分析】 答案选C .从句的主语是they,采用陈述语气。

二、用it代替主语从句货宾语从句

以that引导的主语从句,宾语从句,常用it作形式主语或形式宾语,为了使句子保持平衡,把that引导的主语从句货宾语从句放到后面,尤其是连词that引导的主语从句常用于此种句式中。

例如:I hate it when people talk with their mouth full.

It is our hope that people in this area will recover from the disaster soon.

2. Dont ______ that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be

most successful. (1998 上海)

A. take as granted B. take this for granted C. take that for grantedD. take it for granted

【分析】答案选D. take sth.for granted 认为……理所当然。It 作形式宾语指代that 引导的从句。

三、关联词的选择

名词性从句中关联词的选择是非常重要的,所以在高考中更多的是考查关联词的选择问题,而在关联词的选择中,主要侧重以下几个方面的检测:

(一) 对连词whether,if和that的考查:

Whether和if意为“是否”,不担任句子成分,但不可省略,表示一种不肯定,不明确概念。两个连词在使用中有如下用法:

1) 引导主语从句,同位语从句和表语从句只能用whether不用if。

2) 动词后的宾语从句可互换。

3) 介词后的宾语从句用whether不用if。

4) 后接or not 时用whether不用if。

Whether和if引导的从句是由一般疑问句转化而来的,含有疑问意义,而that引导的从句是由陈述句转化而来的,不含有疑问意义。

例如:Whether we will go on camping tomorrowdepends on the weather.

It worried me a bit that my hair was turning grey.

3. We havent settled the question of ______ it is necessary for him to study abroad.(2006江苏)

A. If B. whereC. whether D. that

【分析】答案选C. 介词of后面加上宾语从句表示“是否”,只能用whether。

4. _______ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one

aspect.

A. What B. That C. This D. Which

【分析】 答案选 B。may reflect是主句的谓语,前面是个主语从句,主语从句中不缺少任何句子成分,意义也完整,所以选that。句意为:国与国之间的时尚差异可以从一个方面反映出其文化的差异。

(二) 对连词that和链接代词what的考查

连词that无词义,在句中不作成分,仅起连接作用,表示一种肯定,明确概念,不含有疑问意义,that引导的宾语从句时常可以省略;引导主语,表语和同位语时不能省略。What引导的名词性从句具有双重功能,即:起连接作用又在句子中作成分,作主语,宾语,表语,定语等,可指人也可指物。在解题时,如果从句中无主语,宾语或表语,选what;如果从句中不缺成分,句子意思已经完整,则选that。

例如:What we cant getseems better that what we have.

That our team won the gameastonished everybody present.

5. Do you have any idea _____ is actually going on in the classroom?

A. thatB. what C. as D. which

【分析】 答案选 B.由what引导宾语从句,what在从句中充当主语。句意为:你知道教室里现在发生什么事情吗?

(三) 对-ever类引导名词性从句的考查

ever类词引导主语从句和宾语从句均相当于先行词+定语从句,在从句,主句中都可作成分,具有一身兼二职的功能。常见的有whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever,表示“无论……的人或物”,在常见中作主语,宾语,表语或定语,不含有疑问意义。

Whoever=anyone who+定语从句,它既可以作从句的主语,也可以作从句的宾语,

Whomever=anyone whom+定语从句,只在从句中作宾语,

Whichever=any(one) that+定语从句,表示“无论哪一个人或物”,可以作从句的主语,宾语或定语,

Whatever=anything that+定语从句,表示“任何事物或每一样东西”,可以做从句的主语,宾语,表语或定语。

例如:The poor young man is ready to acceptwhatever help he can get.

Whichever team wins on Saturdaywill go through to this national championship.

6. Eat _____ cake you like and leave the others for ________ comes in late. (2000上海春)

A. any, who B. every, whoever C. whichever, whoever D. either, whoever

【分析】答案选C. whichever指无论哪一个,再从句中作定语,whoever指任何人,在此句中作主语。

这类词也可以引导状语从句,此时可用“no matter+疑问词”替换。

例如:

Whatever others say, he will believe it.

No matter what others say, he will believe it.

6. The old tower must be saved, _____ the cost is.

A. however B. whateverC. whichever D. wherever

【分析】答案选B. whatever引导状语从句,在从句中充当表语,可以将其用no matter what替换。

四、与其它语法知识点的交叉考查

(一) 同位语从句和定语从句的区别

That作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语,表语时可以省略。

That 引导同位语从句时,起连接作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。

例如:The suggestion(that) he raised at the meeting is very good.(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)

The suggestionthat the students should have plenty of exerciseis very good.(that引导同位语从句,不可省略。)

(二) 名词性从句中有插入成分的考查

此类题目要抛开插入语成分,不受干扰,才能正确选出连接词。注意插入成分为疑问句时的语序,特殊疑问词+do you think(believe, suppose•••) + 陈述语序。

例如:

7. Mum is coming. What present ____ for your birthday?

A. you expect she has gotB. you expect has she got

C. do you expect she has gotD. do you expect has she got

【分析】答案选C, do you expect “你期望” 在句中作插入语,因此,主句语序用陈述语气。插入语是独立成分,是对一些话作一些附加解释说明,通常有逗号分开,把它去掉不影响句子结构的完整和意义的明确性。

(三) 名词性从句和强调句的考查

名词性从句中结合强调句,强调句应用陈述语气。

例如:

8. I just wonder _____ that makes him so excited.

A. why it does B. what he doesC. how it isD. what it is

【分析】 答案选D. 强调句的基本结构是it is(was) + 强调部分+that .此句中what引导的从句作动词wonder后的宾语从句,在宾语从句中再用上强调句型,所以用陈述语气。

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