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新目标九年级Units8—10重难点讲解

2008-12-08姜经志

中学英语之友·下(综合版) 2008年11期
关键词:介词谓语形容词

姜经志

Unit 8

1. You could help clean up the city parks. 你可以帮助清扫城市公园。

(1)could意为“能,可以”;在句中表示建议,其语气比can更委婉。例如:

You could try cooking supper yourself. 你可以尝试自己做晚餐。

You could send her a new mobile phone as her birthday present.

你可以送她一个新手机作为生日礼物。

另外,could还可表示推测,意思是“大概,可能”,但语气比must弱,肯定性不大。例如:

The monitor could be broken by him. 显示器可能是他弄坏的。

(2) clean up是动词短语,意为“打扫”。例如:

Bruce is cleaning up the garage. 布鲁斯正在打扫车库。

They have to clean up the room after the dance.

舞会后他们得打扫房间。

2. You could give out food at a food bank.

你可以在救济食品发放中心分发食物。

give out是动词短语,意为“分发”。例如:

Remember to give out these handbills. 记得发这些传单。

Give the money out to the children. 把钱分给孩子们。

3. Id like to cheer up sick kids. 我想让生病的孩子们高兴起来。

(1) cheer up是动词短语,意为“高兴、振作”。cheer sb. up表示“(使某人)高兴、振作”。例如:

He cheered up at once when his friends won the football match.

看到朋友们赢了足球赛,他马上高兴起来。

The speech he made cheered us up. 他所作的演讲使我们振奋起来。

(2) sick是形容词,“生病的”,同义词是ill。区别在于sick在句中可作表语和定语,而ill只能作表语。例如:

You must be ill/sick. Youd better see a doctor.

你肯定生病了,最好去看医生吧。

Lucy has looked after the sick girl for a week.

露西照看那个生病的小女孩已经一个星期了。

另外,当ill做“坏的,恶劣的”意思讲时,在句中可以作定语。例如:

Its an ill wind that blows nobody any good. (谚)

任何人都得不到好处的事可真是一件坏事。

4. You could volunteer in an after-school study program.

你可以去课外学习班做义工。

volunteer 在句中是动词,“志愿效劳、主动贡献”的意思。例如:

Susan volunteered some information about traveling to England.

苏珊主动提供了一些去英国旅行的信息。

volunteer to do sth. “自愿做某事”。例如:

Mike volunteered to collect wood for the picnic.

迈克自愿去为野餐捡拾木柴。

另外,volunteer还可以用作名词,表示“志愿者、志愿兵”的意思。例如:

They both work as volunteers in the supermarket.

他俩都是超市里的义工。

5. We need to come up with a plan. 我们需要想出一个计划。

come up with 是动词短语,“想出、提出”。例如:

Dan came up with a way to work out the math problem.

丹想出了解答这道数学题的方法。

The doctors came up with a cure for the disease.

医生们发现了该疾病的治疗方法。

6. Being a volunteer is great!做一个志愿者真棒!

Being a volunteer is great! 是动名词短语作主语。动名词短语作主语时,其谓语动词常用单数形式。例如:

Mending that tent is hard work. 修补那个帐篷不是件简单的工作。

Eating too much sweetmeat is bad for your health.

吃太多甜食对你的健康不利。

7. …and she puts this love to good use by working in the after-school care center at her local elementary school. 她通过在当地一所小学的课后辅导中心工作,使这个爱好得到较好的利用。

she puts this love to good use by working 句中put…to use意为“把……投入使用、利用”;句中by是个介词,意思是“靠,用,通过”,用来表示方法、手段。例如:

Workers are all glad to put the new machine to good use.

新机器投入使用,工人们都很高兴。

What do you mean by doing that? 你这样做是什么意思?

We came by the back road. 我们从后面的小路而来。

Will you travel by air or by train? 你是乘飞机还是坐火车旅行?

8. I take after my mother. 我与我母亲很像。

take after是动词短语,指(在长相或性格方面)像某人。例如:

He takes after his father, a drunkard. 他就像他父亲一样,酒鬼一个。

Nancy doesnt take after her sister. She is a lively girl.

南希不像她姐姐,她是个活泼的女孩子。

9. I fixed it up. 我把它修好了。

fix up 是动词短语,意为“修理,修补”。例如:

He is busy fixing up those kites. 他正忙于修补那些风筝。

fix, repair与mend都有“修理、修补”之意,有时可以通用,但也有区别:

repair和fix都表示使受到一定损坏或失灵的东西恢复其性能或机能,其对象范围很广,可以用于从道路、机器到日常用品。比如:repair/fix a machine/watch/road,而mend表示修补破损的东西,使其恢复原样,一般指较小的物品。例如:mend the window/shirt/sock。此外,fix up还有“安排”之意。例如:

Nobody will fix you up with a job. 没人会为你安排工作。

10. I am similar to her. 我与她有点相似。

similar 是形容词,意为“类似的、同样的”,在句中可作定语和表语,常用be similar to结构,表示“与……相似”。例如:

They have similar tastes in music. 他们在音乐方面有相似的爱好。

His new hairstyle is similar to yours. 他的新发型和你的相似。

11. I gave it away. 我把它送人了。

give away是动词短语,“赠送,分发”。例如:

She gave away all her toys to them. 她把所有的玩具都送给他们了。

此外,give away还可以表示“泄露”的意思。例如:

Dont give away my secret. 不要泄露我的秘密。

give-away则是名词,表示“赠品”的意思。例如:

If you are one of the first ten buyers, youll get one give-away from us. 如果你是前十名顾客之一,你将得到我们的一件赠品。

12. The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. 他想出的这个策略很有效。

(1) strategy是名词,意为“战略、谋略、策略”。例如:

I think we have worked out a strategy for dealing with this situation.

我想我们已经制订出了处理这种情况的策略。

与strategy相对应的词是tactics,意为“战术”,用作单数。strategy 指做事的宏观战略;tactics指做事的具体方法。例如:

Tactics is subordinate to strategy. 战术从属于战略。

Our strategy is going the right way while our tactics needs some change. 我们的战略是对的,而战术需要做些调整。

(2) work out是动词短语,在句中意为“结果为,结局”,作不及物动词用,不带宾语。例如:

The situation worked out quite well. 情况到最后相当不错。

work out还可表示“算出、解答出”,用作及物动词,带宾语。例如:

Havent you worked out the total traveling expenses?

你们还没算出旅费总数吗?

13. Id like to thank you for sending money to “Animal Helpers”, an organization set up to help disabled people. 我想感谢你捐款给“动物助手”,一个组建起来以帮助残障人士的机构。

(1) an organization在文中作为“animal helper”的同位语使用,对其进行解释。其后的set up为过去分词短语,在句中起到后置定语的作用,修饰organization。

(2) set up在这里是“建立,设立,创办”的意思。例如:

He set up a trust fund for his niece. 他为他的侄女建立了信托基金。

The government set up a committee to look into unemployment.

政府设立了一个委员会来调查失业问题。

14. For sure, you have helped make it possible for me to have “Lucky”, who has filled my life with pleasure. 毫无疑问,你曾经提供帮助使我拥有“Lucky”一事成为可能,它让我的生活充满了乐趣。

(1) for sure是一个副词短语,意为“确实如此,毫无疑问”。例如:

He wont lend money to you, thats for sure.

他不会借钱给你,这是毫无疑问的。

(2) it在句中是一个形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式to have “Lucky”。it在句中作为形式宾语使用的情况很常见。例如:

I find it difficult to finish this task on time.

我发现要准时完成这一任务很难。

(3) make在句中为使役动词,其后使用形容词possible作为宾语补足语。也就是使用“make sb./sth.+形容词”的结构。例如:

Eating the unripe apple makes him ill. 吃未长熟的苹果让他生了病。

We made the house more secure by putting locks on the windows.

我们在窗户上加了锁,使房子更安全。

(4) 这是一个非限制性定语从句,修饰“Lucky”。意即“Lucky使我的生活充满了乐趣”。句中fill…with…意为“使……充满(某种情绪)”。例如:

The thought fills me with pleasure. 这种想法使我充满了乐趣。

fill 也常用作过去分词作表语,表示“充满”。例如:

His heart was filled with gratitude. 他内心充满了感激之情。

fill 还可表示“填充”的意思。表示“用……填充……”时,常用“fill…with…”的结构。此时with后常用物质名词作宾语,该名词前不使用冠词修饰。例如:

She filled the jug with water. 她用水装满了罐子。

The thought fills me with dread. 这个念头使我充满了恐怖。

15. …a friend of mine said that she would like to help me out.

我的一个朋友说她想帮助我解决这些问题。

help sb. out 意为“帮助……做事;解决难题(或摆脱困境)”。其中out为副词,当help的宾语是代词时需置于out前面,但若是名词时则置于前后都可以。例如:

I have often helped Bob out when hes been a bit short of money.

鲍勃没钱时,我经常帮助他。

I cant work out this math problem. Please help me out.

我做不出这道数学题。请帮我一下。

该短语后还可以接用介词with引导的短语,说明进行帮助的方式。例如:

My mother helped me out with some money when I lost job.

我失业时,妈妈给了我一笔钱,帮我度过难关。

Unit 9

1. I think the telephone was invented before the car.

我认为电话比小汽车发明得早。

(1) 此句中主句谓语动词用的是一般时,而宾语从句由于是陈述一个过去的事实,所以谓语动词用的是一般过去时。

(2) invent是动词,意为“发明,创造”。例如:

Who invented the steam engine? 谁发明了蒸气机?

He invented a new type of machine to help deaf people hear the sound. 他发明了一种新型机器来帮助耳聋者听见声音。

inventor 意为“发明家”,invention是名词,意为“发明”。

(3)was invented被发明(被动语态)

“be+动词过去分词”构成被动语态,表示主语和谓语动词之间的被动关系。例如:

The book was finished last week. 这书是上周写完的。

The table is made of wood. 这张桌子是用木头制成的。

2. Its used for scooping really cold cream. 它是用来挖出非常冰的冰淇淋的。

(1) 此句中be used是use的被动语态形式,意为:被用……。

be used for:“被用来做……”,介词for表用途,后面加名词或动名词。例如:

The key is used for locking the door. 这把钥匙是用来锁门的。

(2)scoop vt. 舀取,挖,掘,挖出;n. 铲子、勺子。例如:

She scooped flour out of the bag. 她从口袋里舀出面粉。

an ear scoop 耳勺

3. shoes with adjustable heels 可调整后跟的鞋子

(1) with本身含有“具有,带有,加上,包括”等含意。

with短语在句中作后置定语修饰shoes。意为“……的鞋子”。

(2) adjustable是形容词,意为“可调整的”,是由动词adjust加上后缀able构成的。如:enjoy(喜欢的)→enjoyable(有趣的), comfort→comfortable(舒适的)等。例如:

This is an adjustable chair. 这是把可调整的椅子。

4. What do you think is the most helpful invention? 你认为最有用的发明是什么?

do you think是插入语,插入语在句中通常是对一句话的一些附加解释,说明或总结;有时表示说话者的态度和看法;有时起强调的作用;有时是为了引起对方的注意;还可以起转移话题或说明事由的作用;也可以承上启下,使句子与前面的语句衔接的更紧密一些。例如:

Its a great mistake, I think, not to take the umbrella with us.

我认为,没带雨伞是个大错误。

Who do you think will win? 你认为谁会赢?

5. Did you know that potato chips were invented by mistake? 你知道薯片的发明是出于偶然吗?

mistake是名词,意为“错误”;by mistake是介词短语,意为“弄错,错误地”。例如:

He took the umbrella by mistake. 他错拿了那把雨伞。

mistake 还可作动词,意为“弄错,误解,把……误认为”。词组mistake …for…意为“把……误认为……”。例如:

He is often mistaken for the famous singer.

他常被错认为是那个著名歌手。

6. According to an ancient Chinese legend,… 据一个中国古代传说相传……

according to, 意为“根据……,按照”。例如:

Well be paid according to the amount of work we do.

我们将按工作量取得报酬。

According to the forecast, itll be snowy today.

据天气预报报道,今天有雪。

7. The emperor noticed that the leaves in the water produced a pleasant smell. 神农氏注意到树叶在水中发出了一种很宜人的气味。

pleasant 是形容词,意为“高兴的,愉快的”,一般指天气、时间、旅行等事物令人感到高兴、愉快和舒服。

pleased 形容词,也有“高兴的、愉快的”的意思。但表示外部因素引起人发自内心的欣慰的愉快,其后常接介词with。例如:

What pleasant weather it is today!今天的天气多好啊!

He was looking very pleased with himself so I knew he had passed the exam. 他看起来得意洋洋,所以我知道他通过了考试。

8. It is played by more than 100 million people in over 200 countries including China, where basketball has been played in parks, schools, and even in factories. 有两百多个国家,超过一亿人打篮球,其中包括中国,在这些国家里,人们在公园,学校,甚至工厂里都打篮球。

(1) including是一个介词,意为“(其中)包括”,其后可用名词,代词,V-ing形式等作宾语。其反义词为excluding (除……之外; 不包括)。例如:

I am ordering some extra office equipment, including some new desks and a word processor. 我准备额外订购一些办公室设备,包括一些新办公桌和一台文字处理机。

Six people, including a baby, were injured in the accident.

事故中有六人受伤,其中包括一名婴儿。

(2) where在这里引导一个定语从句,对前面的in over 200 countries including China进行补充说明,翻译时,可理解为“在那里”。例如:

She moved to the city, where jobs are available.

她搬到了城里,在那里工作好找。

9. Basketball was invented by a Canadian doctor named James Naismith. 篮球是加拿大一位名叫詹姆斯•耐史密斯的医生发明的。

这里的过去分词短语作为后置定语出现,对前面的名词doctor进行限定,相当于定语从句“who was named James Naismith”。这种过去分词后置定语的结构通常可以理解为“被……”的意思。例如:

In the forest he saved a rabbit trapped by the hunter.

在森林里,他救了一只被猎人套住的兔子。

I have a little cat called Mimi. 我有一只名叫咪咪的小猫。

10. Knocking into players and falling down would be dangerous. 撞到其他人身上和跌倒都会很危险。

这里使用V-ing形式作主语。这种V-ing形式仍然保留自己作为动词时的意思,但是具有了名词的特征,可以在句中充当主语、宾语等成分。V-ing形式作主语时,谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式。例如:

Walking on the grass is not allowed. 禁止在草地上行走。

He insists on giving me a present for my return.

他坚持要为我的归来送我一份礼物。

11. Dr Naismith divided the men in his class into two teams… 耐史密斯医生将他们班上所有的男生分成两队……

divide意为“分开,划分”,通常指将一个整体分成几个对立或相对的部分。大多与介词in、into等连用。例如:

Lets divide ourselves into several groups. 我们分成几个小组吧。

How shall we divide up the labour in the work? 我们怎样分工?

另外,divide也可以表示“分开;把……跟别的东西分开;分离”的意思,此时其意同separate一样,都指将原本就分别独立整体的部分放置为隔着一定距离的情形,同时也都可以与介词from连用。例如:

Divide the boys from the girls for gym class.

上体育课时把男生跟女生分开。

12. Players move towards one end of the court while throwing the ball to each other. 运动员相互传球时都朝球场的一端移动。

while throwing…句中省略了主语和be动词,其完整的句子应为while players are throwing the ball to each other。在英语表达中,如果主从句主语一致,且从句中谓语动词由“助动词be+动词的其它形式”构成时,常可省略从句中的主语和助动词be。例如:

Dont reach aside while (youre) standing on a ladder.

站在梯子上时别朝旁边伸手。

13. …and many young people dream of becoming famous basketball players. 许多年轻人都梦想着成为著名的篮球运动员。

本句中dream作为动词使用,表示“做梦,梦见,梦想,想到”的意思。另外,dream还可用作名词,表示“梦,梦想”。用作这两种词性时,dream都可以和介词of, about 等连用。作动词时,其后还可直接用名词,代词或that从句作宾语,此时意思变化,指“睡眠时梦见……”。例如:

She has a dream of owning her own business.

她的梦想是拥有自己的企业。

I dream about my teacher last night. 昨天夜里我梦见我的老师了。

I dream of being the best footballer in the town.

我梦想成为全城最好的足球队员。

Did it storm last night, or did I dream it?

昨晚有暴风雨吗?还是我在做梦?

Unit 10

1. By the time I got outside, the bus had already left. 我走到外面的时候,公共汽车已经开走了。

(1) by the time意为“到……时候为止”,指从过去某一点到从句所示的时间为止的一段时间。例如:

By the time he reached the square, we had put up all the signs.

他赶到广场时我们已经张贴完所有的告示了。

By the time we entered the hall, they had ordered the dishes.

到我们进入大厅时,他们已经点好了菜。

(2) had left“过去完成时态”。过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。其结构是由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)+动词的过去分词”构成。例如:

They had reached the destination before it was dark.

他们在天黑之前到达了目的地。

She had collected these stamps by 9:00 this morning.

她赶在早上九点前收集了这些邮票。

2. When I got to school, I realized, I had left my backpack at home.当我到学校的时候,我意识到我把书包忘在家里了。

leave my backpack at home “把书包忘在家里了”。英语中表示“把某物遗忘在某处”常用leave+地点,而不是forget+地点。例如:

Unluckily I left my passport in the hotel.

不幸的是,我把护照忘在酒店了。

Maybe youve left the key at home. 也许你把钥匙忘在家里了。

此外,leave for表示“动身前往某地”。例如:

Hell leave for Tokyo next Monday. 他下周一要去东京。

3. Ive never been late for school, but yesterday I came very close.我上学从来不迟到,但昨天我差点迟到了。

close在句中是副词,意为“接近地、靠近地”。close 还可以用作形容词,“亲密的,亲近的”;用作动词,“关闭”。例如:

There is a supermarket close to the bank. 银行附近有家大型超市。(副词)

She is my close friend. 她是我亲密的朋友。(形容词)

The shop is closed on Sunday. 这家店星期天不开门。(动词)

4. My alarm clock didnt go off, and by the time I woke up, my father had already gone into the bathroom and I had to wait for him to come out. 我的闹钟没有响,到我醒来时,我父亲已经在浴室里了,我不得不等他出来。

go off是动词词组,句中意为“(闹钟)闹响”。例如:

The alarm went off when they got in. 他们一进去,警铃就响了。

Youd better get up as soon as the alarm clock goes off.

最好闹钟一叫你就起床。

此外,go off还可以表示“变质、变坏”的意思。例如:

Milk goes off quickly in hot weather. 牛奶在热天很容易变坏。

Bad Luck!The beef has gone off. 糟糕!牛肉已经变味了。

5. Luckily, my friend Tony and his dad came by in his dads car and they gave me a ride. 幸好我朋友托尼和他爸爸开车从我身边经过,他们让我搭了车。

give sb. a ride是动词短语,意为“让某人搭便车”。例如:

Its kind of you to give me a ride to the beach!

你让我搭便车去海滩真是太好了!

He often gives me a ride to the library. 他常让我搭便车去图书馆。

6. I only just made it to my class. 我刚刚好赶上上课。

(1) only just意为“刚刚才、恰好”。例如:

They have only just watered these trees. 他们刚刚浇了这些树。

此外,only just还可表示“几乎不”。例如:

Weve only just enough material. 我们的材料差一点就不够。

(2) make it意为“办成功,做到、赶到”。例如:

You cant make it without making a survey. 不调查你就不可能做好。

Well just make it if you hurry. 如果你快点,我们将及时到达。

7. The bus broke down. 公共汽车坏了。

break down“出毛病;坏掉;(精神)崩溃、瓦解”等意思。例如:

The car broke down halfway to the camp.

车子在去营地的半路上抛锚了。

Our plans to travel have broken down. 我们出游的计划已经失败了。

She broke down when she heard the bad news.

她听到那坏消息就瘫了。

8. Welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story, and panic set off across the whole country. 威尔斯是如此让人信任,以致于成百上千的人相信这个故事,举国上下一片恐慌。

(1) convincing是形容词,“令人信服的”。例如:

Hes a convincing speaker. 他是个令人信服的演说家。

Who do you think is the most convincing? 你认为谁最令人信服?

convince是动词,意为“使确信,使信服”,常用convince sb. of sth.和convince sb. that结构。例如:

I couldnt convince my uncle of his mistake.

我无法使我叔叔明白他的错误。

Im convinced that he is honest. 我确信他是诚实的。

(2) panic在句中是名词,意为“恐慌,惊恐”。例如:

Rumors of an imminent earthquake started a panic.

即将发生地震的谣言引起了一阵恐慌。

此外,panic还可以用作动词,意为“受惊、惊慌”。例如:

Dont panic! Theres no danger! 不要惊慌!没有危险!

(3) set off在句中意为“激起,引起”。例如:

The news set off a rush of activity. 这消息令人蜂拥而动。

此外,set off还可表示“出发”。例如:

Theyve set off on a journey round the world. 他们已出发环球旅行去了。

9. By the time the authorities revealed that the story was a hoax, thousands of people had fled from their homes. 到权威机构揭露这个故事是一个骗局时,成千上万的人已经逃离了他们的家园。

(1) reveal是动词,有“提示、揭露、透露、泄露”等意思。例如:

Little by little he revealed his ambitions. 渐渐地,他暴露出了他的野心。

The principal didn't reveal to us the truth about these events.

负责人没有向我们透露事件的真相。

(2) flee (fled, fled) 是动词,意为“逃跑、避开”。例如:

He fled the city after stealing much treasure.

偷窃了大量的财宝之后,他逃离了这个城市。

He killed his enemy and fled the country.

他杀死了他的敌人后逃离了那个国家。

10. He asked her to marry him. 他向她求婚。

marry 是动词,意为“嫁,娶,与……结婚”。例如:

To our surprise, she is going to marry a man who is ten years younger than her. 令我们惊奇的是,她将和那个比她小10岁的人结婚。

Jack didn't marry until he was over 40. 杰克过了40岁才结婚。

11. She was thrilled, because she really wanted to get married. 她非常感动,因为她真的想结婚。

get married意为“结婚”。例如:

My parents got married in 1980. 我的父母是在1980年结的婚。

Tom and Ann are going to get married next month.

汤姆和安下个月要结婚。

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