过去完成时

潘喜霞

1.概念：表示过去的过去

构成:had+过去分词。

2.用法

A. 用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

她说她从前没有去过巴黎。

B. 状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 当警察到达时，小偷已经离开了。

C. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 我们希望你能来，但你没来。

3.过去完成时的时间状语通常用before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as等引导。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 当爱迪生12岁时，他已经开始自己谋生了。

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

当汤姆来参加晚会时，大多数客人已经走了，这令他很失望。

4.Statements 陈述句

They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 在他们到达旅馆之前，他们已经吃完早饭了。

从句中“arrived at”到达在“过去”的时间，而“had already had”吃早饭的动作发生在到达之前，因此主句的时态为“过去的过去”。

She had searched the Internet for two hours when she found an ad for the Canon digital camera. 当她找到了佳能数码照相机的广告时，她已经在因特网上查询了两个小时。

I went over what I had written again and again so that I wouldnt make any mistakes.

我一遍又一遍地检查了我所写的内容，以至我没有出现任何错误。

5.Negatives 否定句

He remembered he hadnt paid for it yet. 他记得他没有付过帐。

He said that he had never seen such a beautiful bird before.

他说他以前从来没有看过这样美丽的鸟。

6.Questions 疑问句

How many English films had you seen by the end of last term?

到上学期期末为止，你们看了多少部英文片？

Had you reached the station before ten oclock?

十点以前你们已经到达车站了吗？

现在完成时与过去完成时的区别：

1.现在完成时表示过去发生某动作从过去一直持续到现在（将来还有可能继续下去）,常和for＋时间段或since＋时间点连用。

I have studied English for 3 years.(从过去持续到现在)

I have taught here since I came here.(主句的动作“教”从过去持续到现在)。[记住：since（从……）从句的动作要用过去时，我们平时不是爱说“从过去”吗？]

2.过去完成时则主要体现过去发生的两动作的先后有别，表达的是“过去的过去”，即比过去发生的某动作还要“过去”，两动作中先发生的就用过去完成时，后发生的则只用一般过去时。运用过去完成时的句子往往有两个过去的时间或动作，一定要注意这点哟！

Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China.(“来”中国已过去，而先前“住”在纽约更是过去！)

We had learned 1000 words by the end of last term.

（“上学期期末”已过去，而在其前“学”的就更是过去了！）

现在完成时态与过去时态的区别：

1. 意义上的区别

一般过去时态只是单纯地表示过去某一时间发生过的动作或者存在的状态, 和现在没有任何联系, 只着眼于过去。

现在完成时态重点强调与现在的联系, 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果, 属于现在时的范畴。

试比较下列例句:

I have washed my shoes. 我刷过鞋了。

强调的是过去的某一时间发生的动作“洗”对现在产生的影响是“鞋是干净的”。

I washed my shoes yesterday. 我昨天刷了鞋。

强调昨天做过“洗”这个动作,与现在鞋是否干净没有关系。

My father has bought a new car. 我爸爸买了一辆新车。

强调在过去的某一时间发生的动作“买”,对现在造成的结果是“他有了一辆新车”。

My father bought a new car last Sunday.

我爸爸上个周日买了一辆新车。

强调上个周日“买”这个动作发生过,与爸爸现在是否有车无关。也许这辆车是给别人的。

2. 时间状语的区别

一般过去时态只能与表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last week, three years ago, in 1990, just now等。

现在完成时态中的时间状语表达的时间是到现在为止。如:“just”刚刚, “before”以前, “since/ever since+过去时间”自从……开始, “ever”曾经, “never”从未,未曾, “already”已经, “for+时间段”已有多长时间了, “in the last/past ten years”在过去的十年里,“so far”到目前为止,“up to now”直到现在, “this week”这个星期等等。

专项练习：

一、单选

1. When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____ already ____ to hospital.

A. has; been sent B. had; sent

C. has; sent D. had; been sent

2. We ____ five English songs by the end of last term.

A. had learned B. learned

C. have learned D. will have learned

3. Han Mei told me she ____ lunch, so she was very hungry.

A. has had B. hasnt had C. have had D. hadnt had

4. By the end of 1976, many buildings ____ built in the city.

A. have been B. have C. had been D. will

5. She ____ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____ home.

A. has left; comes B. had left; would come

C. had left; came D. left; had come

6. He said that it was at least ten years since I ____ a good drink.

A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying

C. have enjoyed D. have been enjoying

7. The meeting ____ when Mr. Wang ____ to school.

A. has begun; get B. has been on; get

C. had begun; got D. had been on; got

答案：１.D 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.C

二、填空

1. When I returned home, he ____(leave).

2. By ten yesterday evening, she ____(finish) writing.

3. He ____(study) English for five years before he came here.

4. It ____(stop) raining when I woke up this morning.

5. I ____(not read) the book because I had read it before.

6. She said she ____(be) born in 1992.

7. When he ____(come) to China two years ago he found people didnt understand him at all though he ____(learn) some Chinese in his own country.

8. I saw Han Mei yesterday. We ____(not see) each other since we left

Beijing.

9. When I got to his home, he ____(go) to bed.

10. She asked if Mr. Liu ____ already ____(come) back.

答案：1.had left 2.had finished 3.had studied 4.had stopped 5.didnt read 6.was 7.came, had learned 8.hadnt seen 9.had gone 10.had, come