任务型阅读题型“讲与练”

钟美云

任务型“阅读理解”是近几年随着任务型教学出现的新题型。它是在遵循新课程标准的基础上，根据任务型教学的任务设计而形成的一种新题型。该题型强调考查考生的实际“动手”能力。任务型阅读理解题所选文章题材真实可靠，内容贴近现代社会生活，涉及学生和涉外生活、富有时代气息，语言原汁原味，主要以广告、海报、通告等应用文体为主。重在考查学生根据所提供信息具体解决实际问题的能力，同时还注重考查学生的阅读理解、分析理解、逻辑推理及社会生活的综合运用能力。

题型展示一：短文排序型阅读理解

这类题型的结构特点是给出一篇约200-300词的短文，各段落的顺序已被打乱，要求学生根据短文内容和结构将段落重新排序，有时首段或尾段的位置已给出。这对把握篇章结构的能力提出了更高的要求。要求我们要从篇章结构的层面上把握短文，了解其大概结构，分清段落之间的逻辑关系。

解这类题型时，首先要注重首段或尾段，了解短文的主要内容，并以此为基础判断其基本的逻辑关系。注意首段的最后几句可能给出的线索。再通读其余段落，留意各段中含有暗示性的词语或句子及出现频率较高的词汇，这些可能是解题的关键所在。初步排列段落，结合各段所给出的暗示以及上下文的逻辑关系进一步调整各段顺序。最后确认，把排好顺序的短文通读一遍，从整体上对段落的顺序进行最后的确认。

[题型举例]阅读下列语段。把它们组成一篇连贯的短文。

(A)A fire-engine will arrive quickly． The firemen know what to do．They have long ladders to reach high windows．

(B)If you want to be a fireman， you must be strong and healthy． A fireman has to be able to carry heavy things． He has to be able to climb ladders and to work in high places． So he also has to be brave．

(C)They try their best to rescue the people who cant get out． If some people are hurt， they are taken to hospital in ambulances(救护车)．

(D)When a fire begins， we must tell the fireman． Do you know how to do this?

(E)After all the people have been rescued， the firemen put out the fire． Sometimes this is very difficult because some people keep things in passages and on stairs． Then the firemen cant get past to fight the fire．

(F)Go to the nearest telephone and dial the number 119． When someone speaks， tell him about the fire． Speak slowly and clearly．

[答案及简析]通过阅读，我们可知这是一篇关于消防知识的短文，应该按照事情发展的先后顺序排列。根据第一语段D我们可以预测全文的内容，发现火灾的处理方法是：就近拨打119报警，消防车来到，灭火的过程，当一个消防队员的基本条件。根据这个步骤可得出正确的顺序应是：

1. 选F。说明火灾报警的基本要点，就近拨打119，报警时说话要慢且清晰。

2. 选A。说明消防队员接到报警后来到火灾现场并携带他们的专业设备。

3. 选C。说明消防队员怎样救人。

4. 选E。说明有时他们也会遇到一些困难，如过道堵塞等。

5. 选B。阐述做一个消防队员应该具备的基本条件。

题型展示二：填充式阅读理解

这类题型的结构特点是：给出一篇完整的短文，然后根据短文内容改写成另一短文或转换为若干个独立的单句，每空填上一个单词或短语，使其能符合短文原意。

解这类题型时，首先要充分理解所给材料，运用分析、推理、判断等方法，结合所学的语言知识，从词形变化、同义词、句型转换、动词时态和语态等多方面进行解答。

[题型举例]A school inspector(检察官) was coming to visit a school. The school headmaster was afraid. He sent a boy to the station to see if the inspector was on the train and he told the boy to run back to school if the inspector arrived.

Then the boy got to the station; he was very glad to meet his uncle there. He didnt see the inspector. His uncle didnt know why the boy was there at that time. The boy told his uncle the secret and he said the headmaster was waiting for the inspector.

The boy thought his uncle was coming to see his father. But his uncle came with him to his school. His uncle wanted to see the headmaster because he was the inspector.

阅读短文，完成句子，每空一词。

The headmaster felt ____(1) when he heard a school inspector was coming to ____(2) the school. So a boy was sent to the station. He asked the boy to run ____(3) as soon as he ____(4) the inspector. The boy was so ____(5) when he saw his uncle at the station. His uncle didnt know ____(6) the boy was there ____(7) school time. From the boys words, he knew the headmaster was waiting ____(8) him. The man didnt go to the boys home, instead came ____(9) the boy to his school. The boy didnt know his uncle was just the ____(10).

[答案及简析]该短文非常的幽默，首先考生应该了解短文的大意，学校的检察官去视察学校，校长很害怕。于是他派一个孩子去看看车站上有没有检察官，这个孩子只见到了他的叔叔，他告诉了他的叔叔他去车站的秘密。他以为他的叔叔是来看他的爸爸的，而他的叔叔却随他去了学校，他就是那个检察官。然后我们逐个地去分析每个空：第一句话说明校长听说检察官要来参观他们的学校时，他很害怕。故答案为(1)afraid; (2)visit。下句很明显说明小孩到车站的目的，一看到检察官就回来，故答案为(3)back; (4)saw。当男孩在车站看到叔叔时心情是高兴的，故答案为(5)happy/glad。叔叔不知道男孩上课时候在这儿的原因，故答案为(6)why; (7)at。(8)空考查的是一个固定的搭配wait for(等候)，答案为for。这个人和男孩去了学校，他就是检察官，故答案为(9)with; (10)inspector。

题型展示三：选择搭配型阅读理解

这类题型的结构特点是：给出一篇短文，其中有五个空白，文章后有5~7句话，要求考生根据文章内容从这5~7句话中选择5句，分别放进文章中五个空白处。

恢复原文要求考生对文章总体结构有正确推理，考生可以把它看作是一完形填空，重点考查短文的连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解等。做这类题时，重点是整体把握文章的脉络，然后仔细阅读空白处的上下文，结合该空在全文所处的位置，筛选选项，综合判断。

[典型举例]请阅读短文，从文后所给的句子中选出适当的填入空白处，补全短文。

The elephant is the largest animal walking on Earth. An elephant can carry a load of 1,200 pounds. (1)____

The elephant can carry log(原木) with its trunks. (2)____

There are two kinds of elephants: the African elephant and the Indian elephant. The African elephant has the larger ears. (3)____ Another name for the Indian elephant is the Asian elephant.

The greatest threat to the elephant is the ivory(象牙) trade. From 1979 to 1989 was a bad time for the African elephant. (4)____ In 1989 an international agreement limited the trade in ivory. It protects the elephant from being killed(被杀), but there are still many people kill the elephant for ivory. (5)____ Dont even buy anything that looks like ivory!

A. It eats 3,000 pounds every day.

B. Please dont ever buy anything made of ivory.

C. About 70,000 wild elephants were killed for ivory every year.

D. The Indian elephant has smaller ears.

E. It also uses its trunk for drinking water, bathing, eating and communicating.

[答案及简析]这是一篇介绍大象的文章，既说了大象的概况，也说了大象的外形及近来的遭遇。第(1)小题从前面句子的意思可知是在介绍大象的大概情况，和前一句中的1,200 pounds相对应的，也是介绍大象的情况的只有A选项。第(2)小题的信息词是“trunk”，根据句意可知是在说大象的鼻子的作用，所以此题选E。第(3)小题前一句的信息词是“ears”,说了非洲象的耳朵，自然要说亚洲象的耳朵，根据此关系可确定此题应选D。第(4)小题可根据上文中的“a bad time for African elephants”，在剩下的B，C两个选项中可确定应选C。第(5)小题可根据前后句意来判断选B。

题型展示四：表格式阅读理解

这类题型的结构特点是：给出一段短文，后面用表格(图表)设计了一些问题，要求考生填充表格，进行解答。

解答表格式阅读理解题时，有的问题考生可以直接从短文中找到答案，而有的问题虽然答案所需信息原文有所涉及，但因说法不同，句式有异，考生不能照搬照抄，而应根据题干需要将文中所提供信息重新进行组织整理，所以有时有一定的难度。

[典型举例]Hamsters are small and sweet and make ideal first pets for children. If you want to buy it, you will need a cage, bedding(寝具), water bottle and food dish.

Hamsters must be kept indoors—they are not hardy enough for the great outdoors in Europe. The cage should not be situated in a very cold room, either, or there is a risk that your hamster may start to hibernate(冬眠) in winter. You will need some bedding for the floor of the cage. Bedding that is too dusty, can cause serious health problems. A water bottle will prevent the water from spilling all over the cage. A food dish will also help to keep the food clean, although most hamsters will remove the food and store it in some secret place, often in their bed.

Hamsters are vegetarian, and require a mixture of seeds and grains. You can buy hamster mix but be careful that the mix is not too rich in fattening sunflower seeds, or is too gentle and lacking the full range of vitamins. Its best to feed your hamster in the evening when he starts to wake up.

The best age to buy a hamster is at 4 weeks, when they should be fully weaned(断奶). Adult hamsters are sometimes seen offered for sale, but they may have bad behavioural(行为的) characters, or may be difficult to train.

阅读短文，完成表格：

[答案及简析]本篇短文介绍了仓鼠的习性、饲养方式等，表格中的问题大多数能从短文中找到答案，第一空提的问题在第一段的最后就说明了，故答案为 A cage, bedding, water bottle and food dish。第二空“去哪儿饲养它？”第二段的第一句就有饲养的地点，答案为Indoors。第三空尽管短文中“仓鼠笼子在冬天不能放在很冷的地方，因为它会在冬天开始冬眠”，但是由于问句问法有所不同，我们必须推断出仓鼠在冬天很冷的时候冬眠，答案为Hibernate。第四空根据短文中说明“寝具不干净，仓鼠会生病”，故答案为Because it can keep hamster healthy。第五空答案很明显为In the bed。第六空的答案在第三段的第一句话中，答案为A mixture of seeds and grains。第七空根据第三段的最后一句，答案为In the evening。第八空答案也非常简单，根据第四段的第一句可知，答案为At four weeks。

题型展示五：问答式阅读理解

这类题型的特点是给出一段文字资料，然后根据这段文字资料一般设置五个问题，要求考生写出正确答案(有时简答即可)，有时答句已给出，只在句中留有空格。

做这类题时，首先要知道所设置的问题基本上由特殊疑问句或一般疑问句组成，故在解答这类题时，要求考生在不脱离原文的基础上，利用所提供的信息，借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、鉴别、抓住关键词等多种方法，再通过恰当的时态、语态、人称变化等相关方法知识，最终得出结论。

[典型举例]Do you want to stay safe and have fun while youre on the Internet? You can do just that if you follow our tips.

1. Always have good manners and be polite when talking to someone else online.

2. Ask your parents to spend time with you while online so that you can show them some of the neat things you can find online.

3. Only use Internet when your parents tell you its OK, and only for as long as you are supposed to.

4. Dont give out personal information like your address, telephone number or school name to anyone unless you have permission from your parents.

5. Never meet with a key pal unless your parents go with you or you have their permission to go alone.

6. Dont break copyright rules by taking words, pictures or sound from someone elses Web site without their permission.

7. Dont answer any e-mail messages you get if they are strange, mean or upsetting to you, and tell your parents or teachers right away.

阅读短文，回答问题：

1. Who are supposed to go online together with you, your classmates, your teachers, your parents, or your good friends?

2. Is it good for you alone to meet your key friends?

3. What should you do if you received a strange e-mail?

[答案及简析]本篇短文说明了安全上网和网上注意有礼貌的七条建议。考生可以针对后面问题，逐个进行突破。如第一小题是一个选择疑问句，考生可以从可选择的问题进行回答。第二条建议就说明了这个问题“要求你的父母上网陪着你，以便……”，故答案为Your parents。第二小题为一般疑问句，根据第五条建议“不要去见你的key friends，除非你的父母陪着你去或者允许你单独去”，故答案为No, it isnt。第三小题为一个特殊疑问句，根据第七条建议收到陌生人邮件的处理办法，故答案为Dont answer (open) it, and tell your parents or teachers right away.

[巩固练习]请同学们根据以上方法，认真完成下列各题。(以下各题选自2007各地中考题，均保留原题号)。

(1)

(2007天津市) 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，按照事件发生的先后顺序排序（开始句和结尾句序号已给出）

When Julia Somberg eats her favorite food, she feels bad. She knows that chocolate can have a lot of fat and sugar. But Julia says she loves chocolate so much—once she starts eating it, she cant stop.

Julia isnt the only one who loves chocolate. It is a favorite food for people all over the world. People prefer chocolate over ice cream, cakes, and cookies.

The idea of eating chocolate didnt begin until the 19th century. Before that, people drank chocolate. The habit began in Central America where the Aztecs drank bowls of chocolate to stay watchful. When the liquid（液体） chocolate was brought to Spain in the 1500s, people thought it was medicine because it had a medicine taste. In fact, the people who made chocolate into drinks were doctors.

Then people discovered that mixing chocolate with sugar made a wonderful drink. King Ferdinand of Spain loved this drink so much that he put out an order: anyone who talked about chocolate outside the court（法庭） would be killed. For about 100 years, chocolate was a secret in Spain.

Finally, people found out about chocolate, and it became a popular drink in Europe. Later, the Swiss mixed milk and chocolate. Today, most Americans prefer milk chocolate, while most Europeans prefer dark chocolate.

New research shows that chocolate is actually good for us. “Chocolate has different kinds of vitamins,” says a researcher in France. “It has more than 300 different chemicals. One chemical works on the part of the brain（大脑） that feels pleasure. People who feel good when they eat chocolate are actually healthier. Feeling pleasure is important for health and can protect against illness.” “Good chocolate doesnt have much fat or sugar. You can enjoy it if you eat a little at a time!” says Tara Berish, anotherchocolate lover.

76. ____ Doctors made chocolate into drinks.

__1__ The Aztecs drank chocolate to stay watchful.

77. ____ Chocolate was a secret in Spain for 100 years.

78. ____ Liquid chocolate was brought to Spain from Central America.

79. ____ Sugar was mixed with chocolate to make a sweet drink.

__7__ Research has shown that chocolate is good for us.

80. ____ The Swiss put milk into the chocolate mixture.

Key:76-80 3，1，5，2，4，7，6（包含已给出的1和7的答案序号）

(2)

(2007湖北宜昌市)在方框中的六个选项中选择五个还原到短文中。

A. making it a bit difficult to tell who was whom

B. sending clothes to the children

C. by taking a competition

D. finding out what our children were doing

E. while I was waiting at the school gate

F. because of the cold weather

It was so cold yesterday evening outside __66__, like many parents waiting for their sons or daughters, with a coat under the arm__67__. We loving parents noticed the changes of the weather to come up with the idea—__68__. Did they think it was a duty of the parents or were they grateful for what we did?

All the lights in the teaching building were brightly on, and at 8:30 pm, the students in their school sports suits came out of the gate in twos or threes, __69__. It was not only a competition among the students, but also among the parents—it seems to me that the parents love their only child as if they loved their pet, and that they would feel happy or unhappy if the pet, __70__ won a prize or fell behind. The results of their study for the students are just like the competition for the pets. Oh, poor boys and girls! Poor Dad and Mom!

Key:66.E 67.F 68.B 69.A 70.C