浅谈英语书面表达中过渡词的使用

张菲菲

高考英语书面表达的评分原则中有五个档次，这五个档次对过渡性词语的使用都有明确的规定。

过渡性词语的恰当使用不仅关系到书面表达的质量，而且直接影响着考生书面表达的成绩。为此，笔者特意总结了高考中常用的过渡性词语，并利用近两年的高考题进行有针对性的训练，希望对考生有所帮助。

一、 过渡词的种类

1. 根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类：

（1）表并列关系的过渡词:

and, also, as well, as well as，or, too, not only ... but also, both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor

（2）表递进关系的过渡词:

besides, in addition（加之，除……之外）, moreover (此外，而且), whats more（更重要的是），whats worse（更糟糕的是）

（3）表转折对比的过渡词：

but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary(相反), although, despite, in spite of, whereas（而）, unlike, nevertheless（然而）, not only ... but also, here ... there,years ago ... today, this ... that, the former ... the latter, then ... now, the first ...whereas the second, once ... now, on the one hand ... on the other hand, some ... others

（4）表原因的过渡词:

because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）

（5）表结果的过渡词:

so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby（从而）, hence（因此）, so ... that, such ... that

（6）表条件的过渡词:

if, unless, on condition that（条件是）, as/ so long as（只要）

（7）表时间的过渡词:

when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards（事后）, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on,eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, from now on, at present, immediately, the moment

（8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:

first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s) （后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于）

（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词:

in other words, that is to say, to put it another way

（10）表进行举例说明的过渡词:

for instance, for example, like, such as

（11）表陈述事实的过渡词:

in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth

（12）表强调的过渡词:

certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously

（13）表比较的过渡词：

like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to

（14）表目的的过渡词：

for this reason, for this purpose(为此), so that, in order to, so as to

（15）表总结的过渡词:

in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary

2. 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。

（1）用于“启”的过渡词语(常用在段落或文章的开头)

first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently,

It is often said that ...

As the proverb says ...

It goes without saying that ...

It is clear / obvious that ...

Many people often ask ...

（2）用于“承”的过渡词语(通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中)

second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，

It is true that ...

Everybody knows that ...

It can be easily proved that ...

No one can deny that ...

The reason why ... is that ...

There is no doubt that ...

To take ... for an example (instance)...

We know that ...

What is more serious is that ...

（3）用于“转”的过渡词语(通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中)

but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ... , yet, instead,

I do not believe that ...

Perhaps youll ask why ...

This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to ...

Though we are in basic agreement with ..., yet differences will be found,

Thats why I feel that ...

（4）用于“合”的过渡词语(通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中)

in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum up

From this point of view ...

On account of this we can find that ...

The result is dependent on ...

Thus, this is the reason why we must ...

二、过渡词的应用实例

有的学生在作文中使用过多的简单句，成了简单句的堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so， and， then， but， or， however， yet等，这非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词来出现丰富句型，把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如：

1. 学生习作

TV and website

TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in.

They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV.

Some information on websites change all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporters.

Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better.

这段文字多用简单句来表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果合理使用过渡词，将单句前后合并，形成主次关系，就能把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。

修改后的文章：

TV and website

Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also have different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in.

However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites changes all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporters.

In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better.

三、选用所提供的过渡性词语填入所给的段落中的空白处，使之意义通顺，逻辑贯通。

（1）

2005年湖北卷(in fact, in my opinion，for one reason， so, for another reason, therefore)

Im very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago. Ive been thinking about the question you asked me. __________________, you should come back after you finish your studies abroad.__________________ , what you are studying is badly needed nowadays in China. It will be quite easy for you to find a good job.__________________, I know a few big companies in our city are hoping to hire people like you.__________________ , I think it will be much more convenient for you to look after your parents as they are getting old.

________________________ , I think its a good idea for you to return.________________________what are you waiting for?

（2）

2005年福建卷 (in my opinion, it is known to us all, whats more, on the other hand, so, but, instead of )

My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations________________________that some students cheat in examinations at school.

As students, we often take examinations at school,__________________sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us.__________________ , some of us are lazy and dont work hard at our lessons.______ ____________ when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.

________________________, it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard______ cheating in examinations.__________________ , we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.

(3)

2006年福建卷(as we all know, only in this way, surely, therefore, in my opinion, however, as well as, besides )

__________________, we are what we eat.

______________________________, its very important for us to form healthy eating habits.

__________________ , bad eating habits are still very common among us students. Some of us often go to school without breakfast; some like to have snacks; some others are particular about food; and still some eat or drink too much. All these bad habits will____________ do harm to our health.

To keep fit, we should have various healthy diets, which generally include proper amounts of fish, meat, vegetables, fruit______ main food.____________, wed better have meals regularly.

______________________________, we should try to develop healthy eating habits to build up a strong body.______________________________ can we have enough energy to study better.

参考答案：

(1)

In my opinion, For one reason, In fact, For another reason, Therefore, So

(2)

Its known to us all, but, On the other hand, So, In my opinion, instead of, Whats more

(3)

As we all know, Therefore, However, surely, as well as, Besides, In my opinion, Only in this way