中考对动词时态和语态的考查
2008-04-10陈涛
陈 涛
一、动词的时态
在初中阶段我们共学过八种时态,常用的有五种,即:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时。另外还有过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。
1.一般现在时
一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作,常与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用。在一般现在时中,当主语是第三人称单数时,实义谓语动词应在其后加-s或-es;构成疑问句或否定句时借助do, dont或does, doesnt,谓语动词应用原形。例如:
Lucy always goes to work on time. 露西总是按时上班。
Does he usually watch TV in the evening? 他晚上经常看电视吗?
考题再现:
Ill do it better if the teacher ____ me another chance.
(2007年河北省)
A. give B. gives C. gave D. will give
解析:选B。if引导条件状语从句用一般现在时态表示将来。题干空前主语是the teacher为第三人称单数,所以B项正确。
2.一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某一时刻或是经常发生的动作、情况或存在的状态,常常与yesterday, last year, two days ago, just now等表示过去的时间状语连用,谓语动词用过去式。例如:
What did you do last Sunday? 上星期天你做什么了?
He arrived in Hangzhou an hour ago. 他一小时前到了杭州。
考题再现:
——When ____ your brother ____ back?
——About half an hour ago. (2007年武汉市新课程)
A. did, come B. had, come C. do, come D. have, come
解析:选A。题干答语中 About half an hour ago为过去时态的时间状语,所以对话语境为过去;问句为特殊疑问句,所以选A。
3. 一般将来时
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作、情况或存在的状态,常与tomorrow, next week, in a week, soon等表示将来的时间状语连用,其谓语由“will/shall/be going to+动词原形”构成。例如:
What are you going to do tomorrow? 你明天准备干什么?
Peter will get up at six this Saturday.
彼得这个星期六准备6:00起床。
考题再现:
Im glad I ____ with my best friend in the same school next year.
(2007年南宁)
A. study B. will study C. have studied D. studied
解析:选B。由题干从句中将来时态的标志语next year可知,空白处应填表示将来的谓语动词形式,所以选B项。
4. 现在进行时
现在进行时表示此刻或这一阶段正在进行的动作,常与now, these days等时间状语连用。其谓语动词由“am/is/are+现在分词”构成。例如:
What is he doing now? 他在做什么?
Look!Lily and Lucy are picking apples. 瞧!莉莉和露西正在摘苹果。
Listen!What are they talking about? 听!他们在谈些什么?
考题再现:
——Whats Tim doing at the moment?
——I think he ____ a report. (2007年重庆市课改实验学校)
A. gives B. was giving C. is giving D. has given
解析:选C。由题干对话问句中at the moment和所用的现在进行时可知,答语的空白处应填表示现在进行时态的谓语动词形式。
5. 过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,常与at that time, at this time yesterday, at eight oclook yesterday morning, when引导的时间状语从句等表过去的时间状语连用。谓语动词由“were/was+现在分词”构成。例如:
Was Mr Green reading at this time yesterday?
昨天的这个时候格林先生在读书吗?
What were you doing when your mother came home?
你妈妈回家时,你正在干什么?
考题再现:
I ____ my homework while my parents ____ TV last night.
(2006年南京)
A. did, have watched B. was doing, were watching
C. had done, were watching D. would do, were watching
解析:选B。题干中有两个关键词语,即:last night和while。last night是表示确定的过去时间的短语,一般不与完成时态连用,所以C项排除;while引导时间状语从句时,往往表示主句与从句的动作同时进行,并且时态要保持一致。由此可知,B项符合句意和句法。
6. 现在完成时
现在完成时指过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,此时常与ever, yet, already, just, before, never等时间状语连用。也可以用来表示过去发生的某一动作一直持续到现在,此时与之连用的时间状语有:up to now, so far, recently, how long, for two days, since two days ago等。谓语动词由“have/has+过去分词”构成。例如:
She has just left. 她刚刚离开。
He has been at this school for two years. 他在这个学校待了两年了。
考题再现:
In the past few years there ____ great changes in my hometown.
(2007年天津市)
A. have been B. were C. had been D. are
解析:选A。题干中的in the past few years短语为完成时态标志语,句中谓语动词常用完成时态。
7. 过去将来时和过去完成时
这两个时态一般用于宾语从句中。过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作,谓语由“would+动词原形”构成。过去完成时则表示在过去的过去就已完成的动作,谓语由“had+过去分词”构成。例如:
Lin Tao said he would go there next week. 林涛说他下星期去那儿。
He told me he had never seen such a film before.
他告诉我他以前从未看过这类电影。
二、动词的语态
1. 主动语态与被动语态
动词有主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词的执行者;被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,表示句子中的主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成,并且英语中动词的语态与时态是密不可分的。被动句的时态通过助动词be的变化来体现,它必须与主语的人称和数相一致,其变化的规则与连系动词be完全一样,注意只有及物动词有被动语态形式。例如:
Paper was first invented by Chinese. 纸是中国人首先发明的。
He was given some books. 有人给了他一些书。
The old man is often laughed at. 那位老人常被人嘲笑。
考题再现:
The 29th Olympic Games ____ in Beijing in 2008.(2005年广东)
A. is held B. will hold C. will be held
解析:选C。从后面的时间状语可知,要用一般将来时,而运动会只能是被举行,要用被动语态。故选C。
——Who is the little boy in the picture?(2005年山东)
——Its me. The picture ____ 10 years ago.
A. took B. is taken C. has taken D. was taken
解析:选D。由时间状语10 years ago,可知用一般过去时,且主语the picture为物,为动作的承受者,应用被动语态,故选D。
2. 情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为“情态动词+be+动词过去分词”。例如:
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.
计划必须尽早执行。
The books may be kept for two weeks by you. 这些书你可以借两周。
考题再现:
Trees ____ in winter but in spring.(2005年南宁)
A. can not plant B. can be not planted
C. cannot be planted D. can plant
解析:C 含有情态动词的被动语态是由“can+be+动词过去分词”构成的,其否定形式是在情态动词后加not,由常识可知应选C。
3. 不定式的被动语态
主动句中的宾语如果是不带to的不定式,在变成被动句中的主语补足语时,to不能省去。例如:
She heard him sing a song just now.=He was heard to sing a song just now. 她听到他刚才唱了一首歌。