儿童原发性免疫性血小板减少症Th17/Treg平衡及其临床意义
2025-02-27高洁宋琳琳李洪娜谢楠楠
[摘 要]目的 探讨儿童原发性免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)辅助性T细胞(Th17)/调节性T细胞(Treg)平衡及其临床意义。方法 回顾性选取2020年1月至2022年12月本院收治的96例ITP患儿(ITP组)和125例健康儿童(对照组)为研究对象。96例患儿有2例失访,根据预后将剩余94例患儿分为预后良好组(n=74)和预后不良组(n=20)。使用流式细胞仪检测外周血Th17和Treg。收集ITP患儿临床资料,并采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析ITP患儿预后的影响因素;采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析外周血Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg对ITP患儿预后的预测效能。结果 与对照组比较,ITP组Th17、Th17/Treg和白细胞计数(WBC)明显较高(t=8.663、30.730、3.888,P<0.001),而Treg和淋巴细胞计数(ALC)明显较低(t=25.496、16.237,P<0.001)。预后不良组Th17、Th17/Treg明显高于预后良好组(t=5.423、11.174,P<0.001),Treg、血小板计数(PLT)和ALC明显低于预后良好组(t=4.059、7.289、5.347,P<0.001),且两组患者年龄存在显著差异(χ2=8.520,P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,Th17(OR=1.517,95%CI:1.139~2.020)、Th17/Treg(OR=1.765,95%CI:1.285~2.425)均为ITP患儿预后良好的危险因素(P<0.05),Treg(OR=0.932,95%CI:0.877~0.990)、PLT(OR=0.936,95%CI:0.889~0.985)及ALC(OR=0.819,95%CI:0.700~0.958)为其保护因素(P<0.05)。ROC结果显示,Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg单独预测ITP患儿预后的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.682(95%CI:0.578~0.775)、0.778(95%CI:0.681~0.857)、0.721(95%CI:0.619~0.809),Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg联合预测ITP患儿预后的敏感度为85.00%、特异度为87.84%,AUC为0.913(95%CI:0.837~0.961),优于Th17(Z=2.481,P=0.013)、Treg(Z=2.549,P=0.011)和Th17/Treg(Z=2.042,P=0.041)单独预测的AUC。结论 儿童原发性免疫性血小板减少症的患儿Th17/Treg比例失衡,联合检测Th17、Treg及Th17/Treg可以提高对患儿预后的预测效能,为临床提供重要的参考依据。
[关键词]儿童;原发性免疫性血小板减少症;辅助性T细胞;调节性T细胞;预测
Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2025.01.002
[中图分类号]R179 [文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1673-5293(2025)01-0007-06
The Th17/Treg balance in primary immune thrombocytopenia in children and its clinical significance
GAO Jie1,SONG Linlin2,LI Hongna1,XIE Nannan3
(1.Department of Pediatrics,2.Department of Pharmacy,CANGZHOU People’s Hospital,
Hebei Cangzhou 061000,China;3.Department of Pediatrics,Yihe Maternity and Gynecology
Hospital of Cangzhou People’s Hospital,Hebei Cangzhou 061000,China)
[Abstract] Objective To explore the balance of helper T cells (Th17)/regulatory T cells (Treg) in children with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and its clinical significance. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 96 children with ITP (ITP group) and 125 healthy children (control group) admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to December 2022.Of the 96 children,2 cases were lost to follow-up,and the remaining 94 children were divided into good prognosis group (n=74) and poor prognosis group (n=20) according to prognosis.Peripheral blood Th17 and Treg were detected using flow cytometry.Clinical data of ITP patients were collected,and multivariate logistic regression model was applied to analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of ITP patients.The predictive efficacy of peripheral blood Th17,Treg,and Th17/Treg for the prognosis of ITP patients was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Compared with the control group,Th17,Th17/Treg and white blood cell count (WBC) in ITP group were significantly higher (t=8.663,30.730,3.888,Plt;0.001),while Treg and lymphocyte count (ALC) were significantly lower (t=25.496,16.237,Plt;0.001).Th17 and Th17/Treg in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the good prognosis group (t=5.423,11.174,Plt;0.001),and the Treg,platelet count (PLT) and ALC in the poor prognosis group were significantly lower than those in the good prognosis group (t=4.059,7.289,5.347,Plt;0.001),and there was significant difference in age between the two groups (χ2=8.520,Plt;0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that Th17 (OR=1.517,95%CI:1.139-2.020),Th17/Treg (OR=1.765,95%CI:1.285-2.425) were all risk factors for good prognosis in ITP children (Plt;0.05),Treg (OR=0.932,95%CI:0.877-0.990),PLT (OR=0.936,95%CI:0.889-0.985) and ALC (OR=0.819,95%CI:0.700-0.958) were protective factors (Plt;0.05).The results of ROC showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of Th17,Treg,and Th17/Treg in predicting the prognosis of ITP children was 0.682 (95%CI:0.578-0.775),0.778 (95%CI:0.681-0.857),0.721 (95%CI:0.619-0.809),respectively.The sensitivity and specificity of the combination of Th17,Treg,and Th17/Treg in predicting the prognosis of ITP children were 85.00%,87.84%,and AUC was 0.913 (95%CI:0.837-0.961),which was better than the AUC of Th17 (Z=2.481,P=0.013),Treg (Z=2.549,P=0.011) and Th17/Treg (Z=2.042,P=0.041) alone. Conclusion The ratio of Th17/Treg in children with primary immune thrombocytopenia is unbalanced,and the combined detection of Th17,Treg and Th17/Treg can improve the predictive performance of children and provide an important reference for clinical practice.
[Key words] children;primary immune thrombocytopenia;helper T cells;regulatory T cells;forecast
免疫性血小板减少症(immune thrombocytopenia,ITP)是一种自身免疫性疾病,在儿童中的发病率约4/10万,且多为急性起病,主要症状表现为皮肤、牙龈和鼻腔出血、外伤后血流不止、少数发生脑出血,也有患者无出血表现[1-2]。ITP分为原发性和继发性,继发性ITP的具体发病机制不明,可能与病毒感染、自身免疫、雌激素水平、遗传等多种因素有关[3]。尽管ITP为良性自限性疾病,但仍有一些患儿治疗效果不佳、易反复,诊断后12个月血小板计数(blood platelet count,PLT)仍未恢复正常[4-5]。探讨ITP患儿预后的影响因素并对其预后进行预测对于患儿预后的提高具有一定积极意义。辅助性T细胞 (helper T cells,Th17)和调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)在机体免疫反应、防御反应中发挥重要作用,Th17/Treg平衡对于维持免疫稳态至关重要,Th17/Treg失衡能够影响机体免疫应答,甚至引起各种疾病的发生[6]。既往研究显示,自身免疫性疾病多伴随Th17/Treg失衡[7]。近年研究报道,Th17/Treg在ITP患儿中失衡,但Th17/Treg与ITP患儿预后的报道较少[8]。本研究通过检测ITP患儿外周血Th17和Treg百分比,分析Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg与ITP预后的关系及预测价值,现报道如下。
1研究对象与方法
1.1研究对象
回顾性选取本院2020年1月至2022年12月期间收治的96例ITP患儿为ITP组,另选取同期125例健康儿童为对照组。纳入标准:①ITP组符合ITP诊断标准[9],且为初诊;②对照组体检结果无异常;③1个月<年龄<14岁;④知情同意。排除标准:①既往白血病、先天性血小板减少症史;②不接受随访;③不配合治疗;④先天性免疫缺陷;⑤近3个月接受免疫抑制剂、糖皮质激素等相关药物治疗。本研究由本院医学伦理委员会审核通过[批号:K2021-批件-094(11.9)]。
1.2方法
1.2.1外周血Th17和Treg水平检测
两组均于清晨空腹时采集外周血3 mL,加入肝素钠抗凝,梯度离心法获取单核细胞。分别加入Th17(CD4+和白细胞介素-17)和Treg(CD4+、CD25+、叉头框蛋白P3+)的特异性标记抗体进行孵育,采用BD Accuri C6 PLUS流式细胞仪进行检测,计算Th17/Treg。
1.2.2预后
参考《儿童原发性免疫性血小板减少症诊疗建议》[9]进行治疗,自患儿出院起随访一年(3、6、12个月门诊复查),随访结束时PLT≥100×109/L且无出血为预后良好,反之为预后不良[9]。随访过程中失访2例,根据上述标准将94例ITP患儿分为预后良好组(n=74)和预后不良组(n=20)。
1.2.3临床资料
利用迈瑞BC30血细胞分析仪检测两组对象入院时白细胞计数(white blood cell count,WBC)、淋巴细胞计数(absolute lymphocyte count,ALC)和PLT,并收集ITP患儿出血程度、发病季节等资料。
1.3统计学分析
使用SPSS 25.0处理数据。计数资料,例如出血情况、血型等,用频数(百分数)[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验。方差齐性且符合正态分布的计量资料,例如Th17、WBC等,用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,采用独立样本t检验。多因素Logistic回归模型分析ITP患儿预后的影响因素;受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析评估外周血Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg预测ITP患儿预后的效能(敏感度、截断值等)。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1对照组、ITP组临床资料比较
与对照组比较,ITP组Th17、Th17/Treg和WBC明显较高(t=8.663、30.730、3.888,P<0.001),而Treg和ALC明显较低(t=25.496、16.237,P<0.001)。见表1。
2.2影响ITP患儿预后的单因素分析
单因素分析显示,预后不良组Th17、Th17/Treg高于预后良好组(t=5.423、11.174,P<0.001),Treg、PLT和ALC低于预后良好组(t=4.059、7.289、5.347,P<0.001),且两组患者年龄分布存在显著差异(χ2=8.520,P<0.05)。两组出血情况、血型、初始疗效等无显著差异(P>0.05)。见表2。
2.3 ITP患儿预后的多因素Logistic回归分析
以ITP患儿预后为因变量(不良=1、良好=0),以外周血Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg、PLT、ALC及年龄为因变量(均为连续变量)进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果如表3所示,Th17(OR=1.517,95%CI:1.139~2.020)、Th17/Treg(OR=1.765,95%CI:1.285~2.425)均为ITP患儿预后良好的危险因素(P<0.05),Treg(OR=0.932,95%CI:0.877~0.990)、PLT(OR=0.936,95%CI:0.889~0.985)及ALC(OR=0.819,95%CI:0.700~0.958)为其保护因素(P<0.05)。
2.4外周血Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg对ITP患儿预后的预测价值分析
以ITP患儿预后为因变量,以外周血Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg为检验变量进行ROC分析,结果显示,Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg单独预测ITP患儿预后的敏感度分别为70.00%、65.00%、75.00%,特异度分别为81.08%、82.43%、81.08%,Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg联合预测ITP患儿预后的敏感度为85.00%、特异度为87.84%,曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.913(95%CI:0.837~0.961),优于Th17(Z=2.481,P=0.013)、Treg(Z=2.549,P=0.011)和Th17/Treg(Z=2.042,P=0.041)单独预测的AUC。见图1、表4。
3讨论
3.1 Th17/Treg在ITP中的研究意义
ITP病例数约占所有出血型疾病数量的1/3,其临床表现异质性高,至今尚无根治方法,其治疗方案一般依据PLT变化及是否存在出血症状来确定[10-11]。随着研究深入,ITP在一线治疗的基础上增加了二线治疗,为改善患者的生活质量带来重要进展[12]。在此背景下,进一步探讨Th17和Treg与ITP患儿预后的关系具有重要意义,不仅能为临床治疗提供指导,还可能有助于改善患儿长期生活质量。
3.2 Th17/Treg与ITP发生及预后的关系
在免疫反应中,Th17和Treg细胞扮演着重要角色,二者比例失衡易导致自身免疫性疾病的发生[13]。Th17细胞由Th0细胞分化而成,能够分泌白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-17、IL-22等促炎因子,其中IL-17为前炎性细胞因子,通过招募中性粒细胞、刺激多种细胞产生致炎因子而放大炎症反应[14-15]。Treg由胸腺产生,分为自然Treg和适应性Treg,能够抑制自身反应性T细胞的活化和增殖,从而防止自身免疫性疾病发生[16]。汪嘉佳等[17]研究表明,ITP成年患者治疗后Treg升高、Th17降低,且Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg对成人ITP具有一定诊断价值。此外,金娜等[18]研究报道,白藜芦醇纳米粒能够改善ITP大鼠脾组织中Th17和Treg平衡,缓解病理损伤。以上研究提示,Th17和Treg在ITP的发生、进展中扮演着重要角色。本研究结果显示,与对照组比较,ITP组Th17、Th17/Treg明显较高,而Treg明显较低,与黄宝山等[19]的报道基本一致,提示ITP的发生可能与Th17/Treg失衡有一定关联。此外,预后不良组Th17和Th17/Treg高于预后良好组,Treg低于预后良好组,提示预后不良的患儿Th17/Treg失衡更为严重。由于预后不良的ITP患儿例数较少,本研究仅对Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg三个主要研究指标进行多因素Logistic分析,结果显示,Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg均为ITP患儿预后的影响因素。
本研究进一步采用ROC分析评估Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg对ITP患儿预后的预测效能,结果显示,Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg单独预测ITP患儿预后的特异度良好,分别为81.08%、82.43%、81.08%,敏感度分别为70.00%、65.00%、75.00%,提示Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg对ITP患儿预后具有一定预测价值,但单独诊断的敏感度并不佳。进一步分析显示,Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg联合预测ITP患儿预后的敏感度达85.00%,特异度为87.84%,且AUC(0.913)优于单独预测,提示Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg联合预测ITP患儿预后的价值较高,结合截断值推测,当ITP患儿Th17>1.98%、Treg<2.82%、且Th17/Treg>0.67时,预后不良的风险极高,临床上可根据ITP患儿初诊时外周血Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg水平对其预后进行初步预测,对于预后可能不良的患儿,应嘱咐其监护人定期复查,此外,在治疗过程中可根据患儿Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg变化情况完善治疗方案,降低预后不良发生几率。
3.3影响ITP预后的其它因素
本研究单因素分析显示,预后不良组ALC、PLT低于预后良好组,且两组年龄存在显著差异。多因素Logistic分析也进一步提示初诊时ALC和PLT为ITP患儿预后的影响因素。淋巴细胞具有特异免疫识别功能,介导体液和细胞免疫,感染、血液疾病等的发生常伴随ALC异常[20]。免疫功能异常是ITP的主要病因,因此,我们推测,ALC通过影响机体免疫功能在ITP发生发展中发挥重要作用,ALC越低,免疫功能越差,不利于患儿预后。血小板具有黏附、聚集等功能,促进止血,促进受损组织修复、再生,PLT是评估ITP病情及疗效的一个重要指标,对于ITP患儿而言,PLT越低,病情可能越严重,后期更容易演变为慢性ITP,导致病情反复复发,预后不良[21]。顾小海等[22]的研究认为,除年龄、初诊时PLT和ALC外,前驱感染也是ITP患儿预后的影响因素。然而王峰等[23]的报道却显示,初诊时PLT并非ITP患儿预后影响因素。上述结果偏倚可能与样本量及患儿的个体情况相关,需进一步深入分析。
综上所述,本研究表明,ITP患儿Th17/Treg比例失衡,Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg联合预测ITP患儿预后效能较高。可通过观察ITP患儿Th17/Treg平衡状态预测其预后,指导进一步治疗。然而,本研究为单中心、小样本研究,预测的敏感性和特异性受限于样本量等因素,预测效能有待后续验证。
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[中文编辑:牛 惠;英文编辑:李晓雪]