基于株高、产量、品质联合分析筛选砂糖橘优良砧木
2024-06-30彭杨马晓燕冯天乐李彩琴潘建君高美玲涂攀峰李娟陈杰忠
彭杨 马晓燕 冯天乐 李彩琴 潘建君 高美玲 涂攀峰 李娟 陈杰忠
摘 要:【目的】通过联合分析不同砧木砂糖橘植株株高、产量、品质的相关指标,构建砂糖橘优良砧木筛选的综合评价模型,为砂糖橘优良砧木的选择提供依据。【方法】以10种不同的砧木嫁接砂糖橘,对嫁接后的植株株高、产量、品质进行差异显著性分析、相关性分析及主成分分析,获得筛选砂糖橘砧木的核心指标并构建综合评价模型,根据模型评分进行排序。【结果】株高、产量、品质22个指标均表现出了显著的差异性并有着多组相关关系,主成分分析筛选出了6个主成分,累积贡献率达到了93.407%,共注释了包括果实质量及横纵径大小决定因子、产量和果形指数决定因子、果皮厚度决定因子等6个关键因子。【结论】综合评价模型得分表明,红黎檬、香橙和粗柠檬可推荐为广东省适用的3个优选砂糖橘砧木。
关键词:砂糖橘;株高;产量;品质;主成分分析;砧木筛选
中图分类号:S666.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9980(2024)06-1078-16
Selection of excellent rootstocks for Shatang mandarin based on combined analysis of plant height, yield, and quality
PENG Yang1, MA Xiaoyan1, FENG Tianle2, LI Caiqin2*, PAN Jianjun3, GAO Meiling3, TU Panfeng2, LI Juan2*, CHEN Jiezhong4
(1College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering, Guangzhou 510220, Guangdong, China; 2College of Horticultural and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering, Guangzhou 510220, Guangdong, China; 3Guangzhou Conghua District Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Guangzhou 510900, Guangdong, China; 4College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 The study aims to establish a comprehensive evaluation for the selection of superior rootstocks for Shatang mandarin by analyzing the plant height, fruit yield and fruit quality of Shatang mandarin on different rootstocks under netted house cultivation. 【Methods】 Ten different rootstocks were grafted with Shatang mandarin. The difference significance analysis and correlation analysis were carried out on 22 indexes related to plant height, fruit weight per plant and fruit internal and external quality. Finally, the 22 indexes were subject to principal component analysis to obtain the core indexes for the selection of Shatang mandarin rootstocks, and a comprehensive evaluation for rootstocks was thus constructed. 【Results】 The results showed that there were significant differences in plant height, fruit weight per plant and fruit internal and external quality of Shatang mandarin among the ten citrus rootstocks. The plant height on Sour pummelo was not significantly different from the self-rooted Shatang mandarin. Plant height on Flying dragon trifoliate orange was significantly reduced (50.79%) that on self-rooted plant, showing dwarfing effect of Flying dragon trifoliate orange rootstocks. In the results of soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) value, it could be seen that Flying dragon trifoliate orange rootstocks with strongest dwarfing effect had the highest SPAD value, reaching 71.92. Self-rooted on Shatang mandarin had the highest plant height, on the contrary, the SPAD value was the lowest, which was 59.44, and the SPAD values of the other rootstocks were also higher than that of Shatang mandarin, which indicated that there was a certain correlation between plant height and SPAD value. Under the unified production management, yield per plant of Shatang mandarin on Goutou sour orange rootstocks was the highest. Different rootstocks had differential effects on 19 indexes related to fruit quality. The single fruit weight and pulp weight in plants on Xiangcheng and Red limonia were higher than those on the other 8 rootstocks, while the single fruit weight and pulp weight in plants on Goutou sour orange were the lowest among the 10 rootstocks. Based on the single fruit weight, pulp weight, fruit diameter, fruit volume and fruit shape index, the fruit of Xiangcheng and Red limonia rootstocks were bigger, and the shape was round or nearly round, while the fruit of Goutou sour orange rootstock was the smallest, and the shape was oval or conical. Different rootstocks had different effects on the pericarp characteristics of Shatang mandarin. For the color of the pericarp, the fruit from plants on rootstocks all showed shiny orange, but the fruit surface color of Xiangcheng rootstock was lighter. Of the 10 rootstocks, Shatang mandarin rootstock had the highest soluble solids content, and Xiangcheng rootstock resulted the lowest soluble solid content. The results showed that the soluble solid in Shatang mandarin grafted on the other 9 rootstocks was lower than that of self-rooted Shatang mandarin. Similarly, the titratable acid content of Shatang mandarin rootstock was the highest, and the titratable acid content of Goutou sour orange rootstocks, Flying dragon trifoliate orange rootstocks and Rough lemon rootstocks was the lowest. Compared with self-rooted Shatang mandarin, the titratable acid content of the fruit in the other 9 rootstocks decreased in different degrees, while the reducing sugar content of the fruit was lower. The reducing sugar content was significantly increased by the 9 rootstocks. There was a significant negative correlation between plant height and SPAD value, indicating that dwarfing rootstocks could effectively improve photosynthesis by increasing the absorption of light energy by leaves, and there was a significant positive correlation between fruit weight per plant and plant height, indicating that the dwarfing effect caused by rootstocks might lead to productivity reduction. Single fruit weight was significantly positively correlated with pulp weight, fruit transverse and longitudinal diameters, and fruit volume. The correlation of 22 indicators shows that there were different degrees of correlation between indicators, which shows that there was information overlap between multiple indicators, and the evaluation indicators need to be simplified. In the principal component analysis, 6 principal components were extracted, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 93. 407%, indicating that the 6 principal components could represent most of the information of the 22 indicators. The cumulative contribution rate of the first four principal components reached 80. 258%, and the key factors in the all 6 principal components could be used as the core indicators to evaluate the 10 rootstocks. Finally, construction of comprehensive evaluation model for selecting superior rootstocks for Shatang mandarin. According to the comprehensive score, Red limonia rootstock had the highest score, followed by Xiangcheng and Rough lemon rootstocks. 【Conclusion】 Through the determination of related indexes of Shatang mandarin grafted on ten rootstocks under netted house cultivation, it was found that there were significant differences among plant height, fruit weight per plant and fruit quality, and there were also multiple correlations among the indexes. The joint analysis of these indexes was conducive to understanding the relationship among plant height, yield and fruit quality. A comprehensive evaluation model of rootstocks was established based on principal component analysis of the 22 related indicators, and the 6 key factors in all 6 principal components could be used as the core indicators to evaluate the 10 rootstocks, and the comprehensive evaluation scores of the 10 rootstocks were calculated and ranked. The results indicate that Red limonia, Xiangcheng, and Rough lemon can be recommended as preferred dwarfing rootstocks for Shatang mandarin in Guangdong Province.
Key words: Shatang mandarin; Plant height; Fruit yield; Fruit quality; Principal component analysis; Rootstock selection
柑橘是全球最重要的经济作物之一,是世界第一大水果[1],目前,中国柑橘产业规模位居世界首位,产量占世界的1/3左右[2]。生产上柑橘常用嫁接方式进行繁殖,砧木能有效调节植株的生长发育及抗性等,并影响果实的产量和品质,不同砧木对接穗产生的影响不一样,受到嫁接品种、气候和土壤等差异影响,各产区的砧木选用也不一样[3-4]。整体而言,我国砧木常用枳、红橘、酸柚、酸橘、香橙等,四川、重庆等地主要采用红橘、酸柚、香橙等砧木,浙江、福建多用枳、枳橙、枸头橙,两广地区则常用酸橘、红柠檬和朱橘[5]。其中枳砧具有矮化或半矮化、早结丰产、品质优良等特点,因此成为我国目前应用最多、最广泛的柑橘砧木[6]。但进一步研究表明,枳砧与其他砧木品种相比,有嫁接后期生长不亲和,易黄化,对碎叶病、裂皮病敏感,不耐贫瘠土壤等缺点[7-9]。因此,进行柑橘优良砧木品种筛选对提高柑橘产量和品质、进一步推动我国柑橘产业的发展具有重大意义。
前人在柑橘不同砧穗组合方面做了较多的研究,郭丽英等[10]利用5种砧木嫁接红江橙,通过对植株生长、光合特性和果实品质等研究分析,筛选出红橘、酸橘2种砧木为肇庆地区红江橙配套砧木的理想选择;洪丹丹等[11]利用红美人柑橘为试材,研究了7种砧木对其生长发育和果实品质的影响,筛选出朱栾为最适宜栽种在浙东海涂盐碱地上的优质砧木;李娟等[12]利用砂糖橘嫁接在5种不同砧木上,测量其生长势、光合效率及碳水化合物含量,结果表明,嫁接在香橙砧上的砂糖橘树势健壮、光合性能较强,可推荐为砂糖橘的优良备选砧木。综合前人对不同砧木砂糖橘果实品质的影响研究,多为一般性的综合评价,鲜有利用主成分分析对植株株高、果实产量和品质进行联合分析的报道[13-14],笔者利用10种砧木嫁接砂糖橘,对嫁接后网室栽培的砂糖橘植株株高、单株产量和果实品质进行相关性分析和主成分分析,筛选出矮化丰产及果实品质优良的理想砧木,为柑橘种植生产上的砧木选择提供理论参考。
1 材料和方法
网室试验于2023年在广东省广州市从化区农业技术推广中心小坑基地进行。从化区位于广州东北部,地处低纬度地带,北回归线横跨境内,属亚热带季风气候,气候温和,雨量充沛,年平均气温为20.5 ℃,年降水量1 297.5 mm,年日照时数1 976.8 h(信息来源广东省广州市从化区人民政府官网)。果实内外品质测定在仲恺农业工程学院海珠校区实验室进行。
1.1 试验材料
试验选取枳(Poncirus trifoliata Raf.)、旺苍大叶枳(P. trifoliata Raf.)、飞龙枳(Poncirus trifoliata Raf. var. monstrosa)、枸头橙(Citrus aurantium L.)、粗柠檬(Citrus jambhiri Lush)、酸柚(Citrus grandis Osbeck)、香橙(Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka)、红黎檬(Citrus limonia Osbeck)、砂糖橘(Citrus reticulata Blanco)和红橘(Citrus reticulata Blanco)10种柑橘砧木材料,2015年播种,2016年分别嫁接砂糖橘接穗,2018年12月移栽至从化区农业技术推广中心小坑基地,网室种植,常规管理,生长一致,均为无病虫害健康植株。选取每种砧木各8株,5株用于观察和果实数量统计,3株用于采样,单株为1个重复。
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 植株株高相关指标测量 于2023年1月叶幕充分形成时,使用5 m量程卷尺量取地面至植株最高处的垂直距离,不同方位重复测量3次,单株为1个重复。从植株中部不同方位的枝条上随机选取枝梢顶端第4~6片成熟叶片各3枚,用锡箔纸遮光10 min后,采用便携式叶绿素荧光测定仪(OPTI SCIENCE,OS-5p+,美国)进行叶绿素含量(SPAD)测定,每叶测定3个点。
1.2.2 单株产量测定 于2023年1月上旬,采收果实统计结果数量,用机械台秤称量得出单株产量,其中每个砧木处理组有5株树,取平均值计算该组单株产量。
1.2.3 果实品质相关性状测定 在果树的树冠外围东、南、西、北、中五个方向,采集中等大小已成熟果实,混匀后随机挑选50个用于品质分析。用电子分析天平(METTLER TOLEDO,PL6001-L,美国)测量单果质量及果肉质量。使用电子数显游标卡尺(SYNTEK,SY-04-200,德国)测量果实横纵径、果皮厚度、果实汁胞横纵径;果形指数计算公式为果实纵径/果实横径。果实体积计算参考金开正等[15]的丁氏体积公式修正公式。参照高凝[16]的测定方法,使用数显式水果硬度计(Aipli,GY4,中国)测量各部位的果肉硬度。果皮色差测定:据Stewart等[17]的方法,采用色差仪(KONICA MINOLTA,CR-400,日本),在仪器上读取出L*、a*、b*的数值,每个砧木类型测定20个果实并对每个受测果实进行3次重复,取其平均值,分别为△L*、△a*、△b*。由手持数字糖度计(KEM,RA-250WE,日本)测定可溶性固形物含量。参照《食品分析》的测定方法[18],用氢氧化钠滴定法测定可滴定酸含量,采用 2,6-二氯靛酚氧化还原滴定法测定维生素C含量,使用3,5-二硝基水杨酸法测定还原性糖含量。用直接烘干法测定果实含水率。
1.3 数据处理及分析
利用Excel对数据进行预处理,利用SPSS 26.0进行差异显著性分析、相关性分析、数据标准化和主成分分析,利用Origin Pro 8.5和R语言作图及进行数据可视化。
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同砧木对砂糖橘株高相关指标的影响
由图1-A可知,10种砧木对砂糖橘株高有不同程度的影响,砂糖橘本砧的株高最高,达222.23 cm,显著高于除酸柚外的其他砧木,其中飞龙枳株高最矮,较砂糖橘显著降低了50.79%,表明在供试砧木中,飞龙枳砧的矮化效果最好。由图1-B可知,矮化效果最好的飞龙枳砧有最高的SPAD值,达到了71.92,显著高于其他砧木,而株高最高的砂糖橘本砧,SPAD值反而最低,仅为59.44,表明株高与SPAD值存在着一定的相关关系。由此看出,砧木嫁接后可以提高砂糖橘接穗叶片对光能的利用效率,其中,以飞龙枳效果最明显。
2.2 不同砧木对砂糖橘单株产量的影响
由图2可知,枸头橙砧的单株产量高于其他砧木,达到了11.70 kg,粗柠檬砧木的单株产量排在第二,为9.80 kg,其他8种砧木的单株产量都小于8.0 kg,飞龙枳砧的单株产量最低,仅为1.46 kg。由此可见,不同砧木嫁接砂糖橘会影响单株产量,排除其他因素的干扰,在统一生产管理下,由单株产量估算666.7 m2产量,枸头橙砧的砂糖橘产量最高。
2.3 不同砧木对砂糖橘外在品质相关指标的影响
由图3-A可知,香橙砧的单果质量最高,为60.16 g,枸头橙砧最低,为25.22 g,二者差异显著。红黎檬砧的果肉质量最高,为44.34 g,香橙砧次之,为42.03 g,枸头橙砧的果肉质量最低,仅为18.86 g,显著低于红黎檬砧、香橙砧和粗柠檬砧(图3-B)。
果实横纵径、果实体积和果形指数是评价果实外观品质的基础,一般果形指数1.0以上为长圆形,>0.9~1.0为椭圆形或圆锥形,>0.8~0.9时为圆形或近圆形,0.6~0.8为扁圆形。由图3-C可知,香橙砧的果实横径大于其他砧木,红黎檬砧的果实纵径大于其他砧木,结合果实体积结果(图3-D)来看,红黎檬砧的果实体积最大,达到了81.96 cm3,而枸头橙砧的果实横纵径和果实体积均小于其他砧木。由图3-E可知,枸头橙砧的果形指数与香橙砧差异显著,枸头橙砧的果形指数为0.91,是椭圆形或圆锥形果实,而香橙砧的果形指数为0.82,是圆形或近圆形果实。综合单果质量、果肉质量、果实横纵径、果实体积和果形指数,香橙砧和红黎檬砧的果实较大,形状为圆形或近圆形,而枸头橙砧的果实最小,形状为椭圆形或圆锥形。
由图3-F可知,酸柚砧果实汁胞横径最大,其次为枳砧、飞龙枳砧,三者差异不显著,砂糖橘本砧的果实汁胞横径最小,显著小于酸柚砧、枳砧和飞龙枳砧;红黎檬砧的果实汁胞纵径最大,为3.36 mm,而旺苍大叶枳砧的果实汁胞纵径最小,为2.09 mm,二者差异显著。从果皮厚度来看(图3-G),酸柚砧的果皮厚度最大,为2.05 mm,红橘砧的果皮厚度最小,为1.60 mm,二者呈显著差异。枸头橙砧木的果实果肉硬度最大,其次为酸柚砧和旺苍大叶枳砧,枳砧的果肉硬度在10种砧木中最小(图3-H)。
由图4可知,砂糖橘果实色度受砧木的影响程度不同。△L*、△a*、△b*分别为果实亮度指标、红色度指标、黄色度指标。从△L*和△b*来看,10种砧木的果实亮度和黄色度差异不显著;以枳砧的红色度指标最高,其次为红黎檬砧、砂糖橘砧、红橘砧,以香橙砧的果实最低。总体来看,所有砧木的果实均表现出有光泽的橙黄色,但香橙砧的果实果面颜色较浅。
2.4 不同砧木对砂糖橘内在品质相关指标的影响
由图5可知,10种砧木的可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)以砂糖橘本砧最高,为15.32%,显著高于除枳砧和旺苍大叶枳砧外的其他砧木,香橙砧的果实可溶性固形物含量最低,为13.00%,比砂糖橘砧显著降低了15.14%。可滴定酸含量也以砂糖橘本砧最高,为0.43%,其次为红黎檬砧,为0.41%,与砂糖橘本砧相比,其他砧木果实的可滴定酸含量均有不同程度的降低,其中枸头橙砧、飞龙枳砧和粗柠檬砧的可滴定酸含量最低,均为0.30%,比砂糖橘砧显著降低了30.23%。果实固酸比最高的是飞龙枳砧,其次为粗柠檬砧,二者显著高于香橙砧、红黎檬砧和砂糖橘砧,其中香橙砧最低。砂糖橘本砧的果实维生素C含量最高,显著高于其他砧木,比含量第二高的粗柠檬砧高0.09 mg·100 g-1,含量最低的砧木是旺苍大叶枳砧,为0.25 mg·100-1,显著低于除飞龙枳砧和红橘外的其他砧木,比砂糖橘砧显著降低了44.44%。果实还原糖含量最高的3种砧木依次是香橙砧、粗柠檬砧、酸柚砧,分别为13.10、12.93和12.79 g·100-1,均显著高于含量最低砂糖橘本砧。从果实含水率看,红橘砧的果实含水率最高,为88.72%,显著高于其他砧木,飞龙枳砧的果实含水率最低,为82.39%,比红橘砧显著降低了6.33个百分点。
综上,不同砧木嫁接砂糖橘会对株高、单株产量及果实品质的多项指标产生不同程度的影响,分析各指标间的相关关系可以更好地反映出不同砧木嫁接砂糖橘所导致的内在联系。
2.5 株高、产量、品质指标间的相关性分析
由表1及图6可知,株高与SPAD值呈极显著负相关,表明矮化砧木能够通过增加叶片对光能的吸收有效提高光合效率,矮化砧木往往受到外界的遮挡而得不到充足的阳光,提高叶片对光能的吸收效率,有助于解决矮化造成的阳光不足的问题,使树体维持正常生长。同时株高还与单株产量、△L*和可滴定酸含量呈显著正相关,与固酸比呈显著负相关,单株产量和株高呈显著正相关,表明砧木所导致的树体矮化会影响到单株产量。单果质量与果肉质量、果实横纵径、果实体积呈极显著正相关,表明在衡量果实质量和大小方面的几个指标会相互影响。果皮厚度与果肉质量、果实体积、果实纵径、果实汁胞横纵径均呈显著正相关,与果实含水率呈显著负相关,这可能是因为表皮对果实的保护,影响了果实的水分散失,导致果实含水率发生变化。果肉硬度与可溶性固形物含量、固酸比、维生素C含量和含水率等多个果实内在品质指标呈负相关,表明果实风味品质和营养品质间存在着一定的相关关系。△L*、
△a*和△b*都与单果质量、果肉质量和果实横径呈负相关,其中△L*的负相关更为显著。可溶性固形物含量与果实含水率呈负相关,可滴定酸含量与还原糖含量呈负相关,维生素C含量与可滴定酸含量呈极显著正相关,与还原糖含量呈显著负相关,与含水率呈负相关,这些表明了果实内在品质间的各项指标存在一定的相关关系,各指标间相互影响。22项指标相关性分析表明,多个指标之间存在着信息重叠的情况,可以对评价的指标进行简化。
2.6 株高、产量、品质指标间的主成分分析
对株高、单株产量和果实品质的22个指标进行主成分分析,提取了6个主成分,累积贡献率达到了93.407%,表明这6个主成分能够代表22个指标的绝大部分信息(表2)。其中第1主成分贡献率为31.910%,其主要是由单果质量、果肉质量、果实横纵径和果实体积组成,这些成分主要代表果实的质量及大小,同时在相关性分析中也表现出极显著的相关性,可以将第1主成分注释为果实质量及横纵径大小决定因子;第2主成分贡献率为26.910%,主要由株高、△L*、△b*、可滴定酸和维生素C含量组成,这些指标与株高、果皮亮度及色泽和果实一些内在品质有关,结合相关性分析结果,株高与△L*、可滴定酸和维生素C含量呈显著正相关,可以将该主成分注释为株高、果皮亮度及可滴定酸和维生素C含量决定因子;第3主成分贡献率为11.255%,正向载荷权数最大的两个指标为单株产量和果形指数,可注释为产量和果形指数决定因子;第4主成分贡献率为10.183%,主要由果皮厚度和△a*两个因子组成,但由于果皮色差由△L*、△a*和△b*综合分析,而△L*和△b*都在第2主成分中有更高的正向载荷权数,因此笔者将第4主成分主要集中在果皮厚度上面,可以注释为果皮厚度因子;第5主成分贡献率为8.392%,其中果肉硬度占有最大的正向载荷权数,为第5主成分的核心指标,可以将第5主成分注释为果肉硬度因子;第6主成分贡献率为4.757%,含水率在其中占有最大的正向载荷权数,可以将该主成分注释为含水率因子。6个主成分中,第1主成分的贡献率最高,比最小的第6主成分贡献率高出27.153个百分点。
2.7 基于主成分分析的10种砧木综合评价
利用主成分分析,构建筛选嫁接砂糖橘优良砧木的综合评价模型,通过表2中每个指标的因子载荷值除以特征值的平方根[19],得到该指标所对应的特征向量(或系数),以特征向量为权重得到6个主成分的得分公式:
F1=-0.105ZX1+0.175ZX2-0.251ZX3+0.632ZX4+0.712ZX5+0.947ZX6+0.358ZX7-0.170ZX8+0.523ZX9+0.306ZX10-0.210ZX11+0.081ZX12+0.251ZX13-0.155ZX14-0.356ZX15-0.171ZX16-0.430ZX17+0.315ZX18-0.151ZX19-0.032ZX20+0.293ZX21+0.034ZX22;
F2=0.331ZX1-0.322ZX2+0.270ZX3+0.194ZX4+0.095ZX5+0.090ZX6+0.088ZX7-0.226ZX8-0.034ZX9-0.206ZX10-0.042ZX11-0.511ZX12+0.378ZX13+0.528ZX14-0.027ZX15+0.310ZX16+0.215ZX17+0.547ZX18-0.570ZX19+0.811ZX20-0.263ZX21+0.001ZX22;
F3=0.006ZX1-0.174ZX2+0.561ZX3+0.028ZX4+0.042ZX5-0.038ZX6+0.130ZX7+0.682ZX8+0.146ZX9+0.162ZX10+0.234ZX11-0.098ZX12+0.125ZX13+0.286ZX14-0.174ZX15+0.305ZX16-0.362ZX17-0.251ZX18+0.199ZX19+0.092ZX20+0.250ZX21-0.010ZX22;
F4=-0.179ZX1+0.233ZX2-0.190ZX3-0.003ZX4+0.103ZX5+0.035ZX6+0.114ZX7+0.255ZX8+0.003ZX9+0.481ZX10-0.032ZX11+0.151ZX12+0.120ZX13+0.161ZX14+0.461ZX15+0.219ZX16+0.277ZX17+0.026ZX18+0.134ZX19+0.051ZX20-0.394ZX21-0.498ZX22;
F5=0.224ZX1-0467ZX2+0.008ZX3+0.122ZX4+0.032ZX5-0.017ZX6-0.037ZX7-0.121ZX8+0.362ZX9+0.341ZX10+0.538ZX11+0.025ZX12-0.254ZX13-0.150ZX14+0.298ZX15-0.128ZX16+0.006ZX17+0.210ZX18-0.161ZX19-0.399ZX20-0.043ZX21-0.057ZX22;
F6=0.177ZX1+0.072ZX2+0.161ZX3+0.040ZX4+0.063ZX5+0.077ZX6+0.116ZX7+0.012ZX8-0.023ZX9+0.086ZX10-0.305ZX11+0.470ZX12-0.078ZX13+0.089ZX14+0.437ZX15+0.231ZX16-0.106ZX17-0.028ZX18-0.031ZX19-0.090ZX20-0.114ZX21+0.546ZX22。
以上F1~F6代表的是不同砧木在主成分1到6中的得分值,其中ZX1~ZX22为株高、SPAD、单株产量等22个评价指标的标准化值。
以主成分对应的方差贡献率为权重,主成分得分与相应权重乘积的和建立砧木筛选综合评价模型,得到公式:
F=0.319 1×F1+0.269 1×F2+0.112 55×F3+0.101 83×F4+0.083 92×F5+0.047 57×F6。
利用该模型公式计算得出10种供试砧木的综合评价得分,根据综合得分从高到低对其进行排序,筛选出基于该模型下最优的砂糖橘砧木。由表3可知,红黎檬砧的综合评价得分最高,其次为香橙砧和粗柠檬砧。这3种砧木在单果质量、果肉质量、果实横纵径和果实体积这些果实外品质指标上有着很好的表现,而在果实还原糖和维生素C含量这两个果实内品质指标上也具有优势,果实品质综合表现较好,而在株高方面,3种砧木对比砂糖橘本砧均有矮化的效果,株高比砂糖橘砧、酸柚砧和红橘砧低,3种砧木中粗柠檬砧的矮化效果最好;在单株产量上,粗柠檬砧的单株产量仅次于枸头橙砧。综合评价得分最低的砧木为枸头橙砧,其次是红橘砧和飞龙枳砧,枸头橙砧在果实单果质量、果肉质量、果实体积指标上都低于其他砧木,表明枸头橙砧的果实质量及大小不具优势,同时枸头橙砧的果肉硬度最大,综合来看,枸头橙砧木的果实口感欠佳;红橘砧的果皮厚度较小,果实可滴定酸含量较低,飞龙枳砧的株高最低但单株产量也最低,因此从综合表现来看,这3种砧木并不推荐作为砂糖橘的嫁接砧木。
3 讨 论
研究结果表明,不同砧木嫁接砂糖橘对株高、产量和品质均有不同程度的影响。前人研究表明,在嫁接过程中选择合适的砧木,能够显著促进植株营养吸收,增强植株的抗性[20-21],改变植株的表型[22],影响果实的生长发育和品质[23]。在本研究中,10种砧木嫁接砂糖橘后,株高差异显著,其中飞龙枳的株高最低,这与前人的研究结果一致[24-25]。而株高又与单株产量、△L*和可滴定酸含量呈显著正相关,证实了砧穗结合对株高、产量和品质的影响。砧穗结合对植株生长和果实品质影响的相关研究众多,例如葡萄[26-28]、苹果[29-31]、石榴[32]、薄皮甜瓜[33]等。通过研究砧穗结合,可以筛选出使植株更具适应性的砧木品种,获得更高的果实产量和品质。
在园艺生产上,矮化密植已经成为了现代果树栽培的主要发展趋势,对于矮化砧木的选择和利用也越来越受到人们的重视[34]。矮化柑橘砧木被世界各地的柑橘种植者和研究人员所青睐[35],因为矮化的柑橘砧木往往具有密度大、产量高的特点,是高密度果园的理想选择,不仅如此,矮化的柑橘砧木还具有更高的光合效率[36],本研究相关性分析中株高与SPAD值的结果也证实了这一点。种植时使用矮化的柑橘砧木品种,有利于植株提早结果,加快产品上市,保证果实的产量和品质,提高生产总值,减少果树在栽培中的修剪和打药工作量,便于生产管理,降低生产成本等[37],特别是随着现代土地资源的匮乏、劳动力的日益紧缺、人民生活水平的提高,人们对果实品质的要求越来越高,以及机械化逐渐成为现代农业发展的趋势,果树的矮化和适度密植成为解决这些问题不可或缺的重要途径[38]。
但是砧木的选择并不能仅限于矮化这一个指标,作为世界范围内公认的矮化砧木飞龙枳,研究表明其与某些接穗嫁接后并不能得到良好的产量及果实品质[39],因此从多指标筛选优良的柑橘砧木很有必要。陈东升等[40]联合分析5种砧木对小果型西瓜生长、果实品质及产量的影响,筛选得到北京地区适宜小果型西瓜嫁接的砧木品种。相关性分析是树体生长发育情况和果实品质综合分析的常用方法,笔者将株高、产量和品质的22个指标进行相关性分析,得到多组相关关系,其中株高与固酸比呈显著负相关,表明树体的生长发育与果实品质也有密切的联系,再次表明除了矮化指标之外,也要对果实品质综合指标进行联合分析,选择出最适合的柑橘砧木。除此之外,通过分析多组相关关系还可以探讨各指标间的内在联系,将植株生长与果实产量和品质联系在一起,有利于更全面地筛选出优良的砂糖橘矮化砧木。
笔者利用主成分分析共提取到6个主成分,可以分别注释为不同的决定因子,前4个主成分累积贡献率达到了80.258%,所有6个主成分中的关键因子可作为评价10种供试砧木的核心指标,其中果实质量及横纵径大小决定因子贡献率最高,而与果实品质相关的关键因子,总贡献率超过了42.093%,表明在优良砧木的筛选上,果实的品质显得尤为重要,这也符合水果市场的要求,株高和单株产量两个指标分别对应在第2和第3个主成分中,但这两个指标都没有足够大的正向载荷权数以作为单独的主成分,表明了在柑橘生产上,选择优良砧木首要考虑的还是果品质量,在满足果品质量的关键前提下选择矮化且高产的柑橘砧木。主成分分析利用综合评分的模型对研究对象进行筛选,在优良砧木筛选上也常用这种方法,徐美隆等[41]利用主成分分析对不同砧木嫁接欧梨的成活率和果实品质进行综合评价,以筛选出最适宜的优良砧木;何满[42]利用主成分分析的方法对4种柑橘砧木嫁接爱媛28号橘橙幼树后的指标进行综合评价,从而筛选出最优的柑橘砧木;白世践等[43]对不同砧木影响吐鲁番地区克瑞森无核葡萄生长特性及果实品质相关指标进行主成分分析,筛选出吐鲁番产区克瑞森无核葡萄的优选砧木。参照前人的研究方法,笔者对株高、产量、品质的22个指标建立主成分分析综合评价模型,筛选出优良的砂糖橘砧木。
砂糖橘是广东省传统特色优良的品种,在生产上矮化高产优质的砂糖橘能带来更为丰厚的经济效益,而对于消费者而言,果实风味品质和营养品质更好的砂糖橘更受青睐,本项研究将株高与产量、品质进行联合分析,并通过主成分分析的方法,筛选出满足条件的砂糖橘优良矮化砧木,为柑橘优良砧木的筛选提供了理论支撑,为进一步通过分子层面阐明优良砧木的矮化机制及果实品质间的影响途径提供了理论参考。
4 结 论
通过主成分分析筛选出贡献率最高的果实质量及横纵径大小决定因子,与株高、果皮亮度、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量决定因子,产量和果形指数决定因子,果皮厚度决定因子,果肉硬度决定因子,含水率决定因子共6个关键因子作为评价砂糖橘砧木的核心指标。综合评价得分表明,红黎檬、香橙和粗柠檬可推荐为广东省砂糖橘优良砧木。
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收稿日期:2024-01-04 接受日期:2024-03-23
基金项目:广东省重点领域研发计划项目(果树砧木类)(2022B0202070002);广东省现代农业产业技术体系创新团队建设项目(柑橘杧果)(2023KJ108);广州市民生科技攻关计划(201803020008)
作者简介:彭杨,男,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为果树栽培生理与分子生物。E-mail:pengyang@zhku.edu.cn
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:13751774213@139.com;E-mail:licaiqin@zhku.edu.cn