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文学翻译的学思用(四)

2024-06-10张保红

英语世界 2024年6期
关键词:语势例句原文

张保红

追求忠实,是译者的责任与义务之所在,“是译者的天职”。在林林总总的翻译标准或原则中,忠实通常放在首位。为了更好地理解忠实,人们对忠实的内涵、维度与幅度进行了广泛而深入的探讨。关于忠实的说法通常可见到的有:绝对忠实与相对忠实;内容忠实、形式忠实与风格忠实;语义忠实、文体忠实与审美忠实;忠实于作者与忠实于读者;等等。翻译教学过程中如何实践忠实,不同的人针对不同的翻译对象、目的与用途会有不同的认知与操作方法。其中常为人们津津乐道且颇为通俗实用的方法之一是,译文要经得起对。所谓对,即双语对照、对比、核对。拿原文与译文对比,原文有则译文有,原文无则译文无,对原文审美构成来说如此,对其审美效果来说亦然。添油加醋,随意枝蔓不可取;偷工减料,肆意篡改、歪曲,更不能要。一般来说,除文本外因素(尤其是意识形态与诗学规范等因素)造成译文有目的的改写外,“对”这一做法对检验译文质量高下还是颇为有效的。

然而,从检验翻译质量的具身经验出发,个人认为,译文除了要经得起对之外,还要经得起读。读即朗读,译文读起来应像原文一样文从字顺,朗朗上口,而不应诘诎聱牙,梗阻不畅。许地山的经典散文《落花生》开篇句“我们屋后有半亩隙地”朗读起来轻松自如,没有丝毫梗滞不畅感,有人将此句英译为“Behind our house there lay half a mu of vacant land.”。对照看,英译文的语义、语法无可挑剔,可谓形意兼备,但读一读这句译文,会有读一词一顿挫的不畅感,究其原因应是译句中需重读的词语较多,11个词中有9个词有重读音,而且这些词还不断联缀,鱼贯而出,這样大大延宕了译文朗读的顺畅感。因此,是否便于朗读,既可作为检验原文读起来是否通畅的方法之一,也可作为检验译文是否实现了审美忠实的方法之一。读一读W. 华兹华斯(W. Wordsworth)诗篇《作于威斯敏斯特桥上》(Composed Upon Westminster Bridge)中的句子“Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie (Open unto the fields, and to the sky;) ”,再读一读G. 奥威尔(G. Orwell)“马拉喀什”(Marrakech)一文中的句子“Fruitsellers, potters, silversmiths, blacksmiths, butchers, leather-workers, tailors, water-carriers, beggars, porters—(whichever way you look you see nothing but Jews.) ”,以及“(Or to an Englishman? ) Camels, castles, palm trees, Foreign Legionnaires, brass trays, and bandits.”。两位作者无论写的诗还是作的文,即便是对外在客观物象的逐一罗列,均体现出上口易读的特点。之所以如此,是因为两位作者均对词语轻重音节或音节多寡的数量进行了调配,若用数字标示这三个例句中各词语音节数的分布特点,则分别为:1—2—1—2—1—2;3—2—3—2—2—4—2—4—2—2;2—2—2—5—2—2。从词语音节数的规律性演进中,不难看出作者写诗作文时为了便于上口朗读的匠心所在。

译文读起来须上口是一个方面,但上口朗读须合情,须合乎语用习惯,这是另一个方面。后者常常易被忽视。所谓合情,即合乎表情的需要,合乎表情的强弱疾徐、褒贬曲直。读一读R. 弗罗斯特(R. Frost)诗作《生命的跨度》(The Span of Life)(The old dog barks backward without getting up; / I can remember when he was a pup.),会明显感受到首行一读一顿挫的不畅感与人到老年时行动迟缓的不便感彼此相呼应,而朗读第二行的顺畅感与人年少时行动敏捷的轻快感彼此相吻合。所谓合乎语用习惯,是要我们看看译句的长短形式或视觉形式特征是否合乎语用习惯。

同是《落花生》一文中有这样一句:“妈妈说:‘今晚我们可以做一个收获节,也请你们爹爹来尝尝我们的新花生,如何?”这句话读起来明白晓畅、节奏平稳、自然亲切。有人将此句英译为“Mother said, ‘How about giving a party this evening to celebrate the harvest and inviting your Daddy to have a taste of our newly-harvested peanuts?”朗读译文,不会觉得梗阻不畅,但会感到要一口气读完这个译文问句不是那么容易,会感到这样的问话读起来多少有点欠自然。查一查how about的用法,可见到的例句有:① You want Jeannie to make the appointment for you? How about the end of next week? ② How about going shopping and seeing a show in London? ③ How about having a phone out here? ④ Well, I enjoyed that. How about you two? ⑤ How about a cup of coffee? 这五个例句的外在形式均呈现出短小简洁的特征,既没有上列译文的句式那么长,读起来也没那么耗时费力。在这一意义上,似乎又可多出一个检查译文是否忠实得体的方式,即看句式长短变化的特点与表情达意或艺术表现的关系。

鉴于此,不妨略举一例来看看视觉形式变化可给译文评价带来的启示。

例句① but I was really crying because I couldnt bear to tell her that I had lied, that I had deceived everybody in the church, that I hadnt seen Jesus, and that now I didnt believe there was a Jesus any more, since he didnt come to help me. (L. Hughes, Salvation)

例句② He asked Bryan about Jonah and the whale, Joshua and the sun, where Cain got his wife, the date of the Flood, the significance of the Tower of Babel. Bryan affirmed his belief that the world was created in 4004 B.C. and the Flood occurred in or about 2348 B.C.; that Eve was literally made out of Adams rib; that the Tower of Babel was responsible for the diversity of languages in the world; and that a “big fish” had swallowed Jonah. (F. L. Allen, The Scopes Trial)

例句③ “Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.”   (J. Austin, Pride and Prejudice)

以上三例均取自英語文学作品,共同特点是其中的“当事人”(I / Bryan / Mrs Long)谈及他/她所经历或熟知的事情时均了如指掌、滔滔不绝,而表征这一特点的是例文中that一词的反复使用。从视觉形式上看,可发现例文有两大特点:一是that一词引导的从句数量基本确定在3—4个,这也成为一种颇具共性的运思方式;二是其引导从句长短变化的基本规律可分别标示为:短—长—短—长;长—短—长—短;长—较长—较长。

下面试以这种诉诸视觉的形式规律或曰视觉节奏来审视译文的忠实得体情况。例如:

例句④ 全党同志务必不忘初心、牢记使命,务必谦虚谨慎、艰苦奋斗,务必敢于斗争、善于斗争,坚定历史自信,增强历史主动,谱写新时代中国特色社会主义更加绚丽的华章。

It is imperative that all of us in the Party never forget our original aspiration and founding mission, that we always stay modest, prudent, and hard-working, and that we have the courage and ability to carry on our fight. We must remain confident in our history, exhibit greater historical initiative, and write an even more magnificent chapter for socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

例句⑤ 这是中国共产党和中国人民团结奋斗赢得的历史性胜利,是彪炳中华民族发展史册的历史性胜利,也是对世界具有深远影响的历史性胜利。

These were historic feats—feats accomplished by the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people striving in unity, feats that will be forever recorded in the Chinese nations history, and feats that will profoundly influence the world.

以上两例选自中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会报告,原文与译文均是值得反复观摩、认真学习的经典文献。作为举旗定向的政治宣言,引领复兴的行动纲领,每每读来,倍感内容深刻、语言雄辩有力,很是鼓舞斗志、振奋人心!这样经典文献的翻译,自然经得起对、读、看。两例原文均含有三个并列小句或排比句,例句④中使用了三个“务必”,例句⑤中使用了三个“是”,语义上不断拓展、逐层推进,语势上雄健有力、滔滔滚滚,给人掷地有声、响彻寰宇之感。例④译文以三个that从句成功再现了原文的句式、语义、语势及其视觉节奏。细究that从句的特点,可看到各从句形式长短彼此相当,视觉节奏亦较均衡,用字词数(含标点符号)标示各从句则分别为:15—11—12。例句⑤的译文中可以说也包含三个that引导的从句。可能出于视觉节奏的考虑,第一个feats小句之后省略了that字样引导的从句。从整个译句来看,译者或隐或显地运用了三个that从句,并且熟谙英汉双语表达的差异,逻辑思维上采取先总起后分述的策略进行传译,使其语义表达逐层铺展,呈辐射形状,给人光芒四射、绵绵不绝之感。在这一意义上,其达意表情效果在深层上与原文可谓铢两悉称、旗鼓相当。若要从白璧中挑出“微瑕”,个人认为若能延展一下最后一个that从句的句长(见上文划线处),使其与前两个从句视觉形式上趋于均衡,可能更有利于“中华历史性胜利之光”的普照。不揣学浅,试做些许微调,且“看”如下译文:

These were historic feats—feats accomplished by the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people striving in unity, feats that will be forever recorded in the history of the Chinese nation, and feats that will exert a far-reaching influence over the entire world.

例句⑤译文中的三个并列小句按字数多少(含标点符号)标示分别为:15—12—7,视觉上前后句显得略微“不均衡”,给人一种言说语势渐降(anticlimax)的联想。若考虑到视觉均衡或改变渐降的语势,可作如上微调(参见画线处)。最后一个小句微调后,整个例译文的字数可标示为:15—12—10。

为求忠实,译文要经得起对,与原文对一对有没有,对一对是不是,对一对好不好。为求审美忠实或忠实得体,译文还要经得起读、经得起看,要读起来与原文一样上口、合情、合乎语用习惯,要看起来与原文一样外在形式均衡、协调、和谐。《毛诗序》云:诗者,志之所之也。在心为志,发言为诗。情动于中而形于言,言之不足故嗟叹之,嗟叹之不足故永歌之,永歌之不足,不知手之舞之,足之蹈之也。说的是写诗作文诉诸眼耳口鼻舌身心的多感官体验,可以使作品审美效果实现最大化。这种方法借用到文学翻译中来也是适用的,只需颠倒一下前后顺序即可——为求审美忠实,为求译文审美效果的最大化,须诉诸眼耳口心的多感官、多角度协同审视与检验。

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