探究英语高考阅读理解微技能之推测隐含意义

王来民

（河南鹿邑县高级中学校）

高考阅读理解是思维的载体，命题人通过对阅读设题，考查学生的推理，归纳，逻辑，批判等思维能力，进行选拔人才和指导教学。受应试教育的影响，学生的思维训练通常只停留在试卷刷题上，这对于细节方面的考查很有帮助，但在高阶思维考查方面，存在明显不足。本文通过对英语高考阅读试题命题的分析和归纳，就推测隐含意义的微技能进行探讨研究。

一、依据内容，合情推测

合情推测就是依据文中所提供的信息，结合主题意义，分析信息，推出作者所表达的真实意图。由于推测涉及学生的心智特征，可能会导致学生推理超出原文信息，或缩小原文信息，造成浅层推理，或无中生有等混乱逻辑，导致错选答案。根据推测内容和设问方式，可以把推测隐含意义分为语义推理、上下段衔接推理、目的意图推理、同义推理、出处推理、情感推理、数字推理、猜词推理等。

1.语义推测

语义推测是指根据句意和上下句之间的关系，深挖作者的意图。该题型旨在考查学生对句外之意的理解，换句话说，就是弦外之音。由于学生对句意理解停留在表层，往往会误选答案。针对语义推理，要看上下句之间的关系和考虑作者用意，不能肤浅理解句意。

（2023 新课标Ⅰ卷）34.What did the followup study focus on?

A.The size of the groups.

B.The dominant members.

C.The discussion process.

D.The individual estimates.

【解析】原文中的tend to go with，follow，happened表明了参与实验的学生在讨论中的表现，并不能单纯理解对他们的询问，句子之间强调的是参与实验学生所做的事情，整体来看，是参与者的表现行为，由此推出follow-up study 集中的是参与者表现过程，故选C。

2.上下段推测

上下段推测是借助于段落之间的衔接，而非某一段，该题型旨在考查学生对上下段之间的关系把握。此类推理跨度大，对学生来说，该题型有一定的难度。解这类题时，要关注上下段之间的逻辑关系，考虑全面。

（2023 浙江1 月）26.What can we infer about the author?

A.She is quite good at cooking.

B.She respects others’privacy.

C.She enjoys being a housewife.

D.She is a determined person.

【解析】根据第三段内容可知作者零浪费的行为并没有被其父亲认可，再结合第四段“Yet as the months of reducing waste continued,I did what I could that was within my own reach...”可知，作者并没有因为父亲的不赞成而放弃自己的零浪费行为，以此推出作者是意志坚定的人，故选D。

3.目的意图推测

目的意图推测就是对文章用途或文章中某一段的安排，用词、用句的用意进行推测，了解作者的意图，从而更好地理解文章主旨意义。该题型旨在考查学生能否在文章中找到表达作者的目的段落或词句。该类型题需要学生依据主题意义进行推理。

（2023 新课标Ⅰ卷）25.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?

A.To feed the animals.

B.To build an ecosystem.

C.To protect the plants.

D.To test the eco-machine.

【解析】该题考查作者意图，首先要弄清楚John 是干什么的，他想干什么。根据“He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.”可知，他的目的是检测生态机器，这是表达作者意图的句子，故选D。若仅凭“A dirty stream,for example,often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived.”就单纯认为动物把污泥当作食物，可能误选A。

4.同义推测

同义推理就是选项与文中信息表达一致，选项换了一种表达，而词义表达内容是一致的，旨在考查同义表达，重点在于词语对应，有的学生词语积累不丰富，对同义词不了解，导致错选。

(2023 全国乙卷)25.What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author?

A.Proper time management.

B.Good shooting techniques.

C.Adventurous spirit.

D.Distinctive styles.

【解析】最后一段“Still,looking back on the photos,they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.”中，wisely与proper 在语义上相对应，故选A。

(2023 全国乙卷)26.What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake?

A.They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.

B.They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.

C.They reached the shooting spot later than expected.

D.They had problems with their equipment.

【解析】根据最后一段“However,we did not mark the route（路线）so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely.”可知，later than expected与 missing the sunset entirely 语义表达对等，表明他们没有及时赶到，故选C。

5.数字推测

数字推测就是选项的数字从文中间接获得，进行一定的计算或转换，从而得出答案。该题型旨在考查数字的转化。学生若对数字表达的理解存在缺陷，就容易因计算错误导致错选答案。

(2023 全国乙卷)30.Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?

A.20%. B.24%. C.25% D.33%.

【解析】第三段“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients（配料）than they used to,and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”中 one third 表示三分之一，进行数字转化，可知答案为D。

6.情感推测

情感推测是指依据文章内容和语句表达，通过词语表达的积极性或消极性，判断作者所隐藏的情感，该题型旨在考查学生对作者情感的把握。由于学生对语句，词汇理解和经历可能存在差异，对情感理解若存在误解，就会导致错选答案。

(2023 全国乙卷)27.How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake?

A.Amusing. B.Satisfying.

C.Encouraging. D.Comforting.

【解析】根据“Still,looking back on the photos,they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.”中的 some of my best shots 可知，作者认为拍的照片是最好的，而“though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.”使用了虚拟语气，其中的 could have been so much better 让一部分学生认为是不太好，所以他们误选了D.Comforting（令人安慰的）。这就是语言理解上存在差异，作者借助于虚拟语气表达一点遗憾，但整体上是满意的。

7.态度推测

态度推理是在文中对所牵涉到的人或作者对某件事的看法，比如，赞成、反对，或对某事物的评价。该题型旨在考查学生从语句中推测出作者或他人的态度。如果态度在语句中凸显出来，学生在做此类题时，就不易丢分。

（2023 新课标Ⅰ卷）35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?

A.Unclear B.Dismissive

C.Doubtful D.Approving

【解析】根据“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain,the potential implications for group discussion and decisionmaking are enormous.”可知，尽管 Navajas 团队的研究存在着一些问题，对小组的讨论和做出决定的潜在影响是巨大的，所以作者的态度是赞成的。

(2023 全国乙卷)28.What do people usually think of British food?

A.It is simple and plain.

B.It is rich in nutrition.

C.It lacks authentic tastes.

D.It deserves a high reputation.

【解析】根据“What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips,or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables.But is British food really so uninteresting?” 可知，英国食物通常是fish and chips,所以人们认为英国食物并没有什么特别的东西，很平常，故选A。

8.出处推测

出处推测就是对文章来源进行推理，该题型旨在考查学生对语篇类型的掌握。新闻报道类，社会报道等往往出自报纸，文章节选往往出自某书等。学生根据语篇类型和内容分析，加上自己阅读经历，便可选出正确答案，但由于部分学生阅读少，会出现误选现象。

(2023 全国乙卷)15.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?

A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World.

B.A Short History of Australia.

C.A History of the World in 100 Objects.

D.How Art Works Tell Stories.

【解析】根据“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects,and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,but in many cases we simply can’t.”中some chapters of this book 可知，这是一本书，再根据“If you want to tell the history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts...”可知，其内容是关于如何讲述历史的，故选C。

9.猜词推测

猜词推测就是根据段落内容或文章大意就画线的某一个词推出其在语境中的语义或所指代内容。该题型旨在考查学生的语言能力，在语境中灵活运用语义。学生对画线部分单词往往感到陌生，所以学生只能借助于句意或段意进行推理，然后把推出的词义替换所画线的词，再进行阅读，确定其是否合适。

(2023 全国甲卷)24.Which is closest in meaning to“a dab hand”in paragraph 1?

A.An artist. B.A winner.

C.A specialist. D.A pioneer.

【解析】根据“Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself).Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture,she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.”可知，Terri Bolton 擅长搭建书架和组合家具，由此推出a dab hand 是某一领域的行家，故选C。

二、依据主题，推测主旨

依据主题，推测作者意图就是依据主题和作者写作意图，根据情节和文章结构，对段意或文章主旨进行总结概括。该题型旨在考查学生对主题意义的掌握，在归纳时，会出现各方面的干扰，往往会出现以偏概全或偏离主题等现象。

(2023 全国乙卷)32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A.How past events should be presented.

B.What humanity is concerned about.

C.Whether facts speak louder than words.

D.Why written language is reliable.

【解析】根据“If you want to tell the history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts,while most of the world,for most of the time,has not...”中的 tell the history，texts，writing，things可归纳为历史是通过文字、实物讲述的，也就是历史如何被记载的，故选A。

（2023 浙江1 月）35.Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A.Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay.

B.Solar Energy: Hope for the Future.

C.InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture.

D.Solar Farms: A New Development.

【解析】根据文中“Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible,so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them ”可知，太阳能板安装后，开发者对太阳能板下的空间并没有在意，导致人们不想安装太阳能板。再根据“Over the past few years,many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators,resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction.”可知，太阳能开发者关注了太阳能板下的空间，已经改变原来农田荒芜的状态，逐渐开发使用，通过整体分析可知，本文讲述了太阳能田地的开发使用，故选D。

三、依据语境，推测辨析

推测辨析就是借助语境信息，对选项进行分析、论证，直至将干扰项排除，最终推测出正确答案。该题型旨在考查学生对干扰项的辨别和对正确答案的推测论证。由于干扰项的存在，批判性思维尤为重要，需要学生全面深入思考，推测出干扰项的错误，从而推测出命题者要考查的意图，选出正确答案。

（2023 全 国 乙 卷）33.What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?

A.His report was scientific.

B.He represented the local people.

C.He ruled over Botany Bay.

D.His record was one-sided.

【解析】根据“From the English side,we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.”可知，单从英国这一方面看，A 项是正确的，实际上存在片面。再根据“The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict,at Botany Bay,between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.”可知，Botany Bay 是冲突的发生地，Aboriginals 是发生矛盾的对象，由此推出B 项和C 项是望文生义。由“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects,and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,but in many cases we simply can’t.”可知，历史仅仅凭文字是不够的，应该是既有文字又有物证，这才是科学的，故选D。

四、依据情节，推测结局续写

推测结局续写就是根据文章的主旨意义和最后一段的主要内容，对文章的后续内容进行预测，该题型旨在考查学生的输出能力。要想做好正迁移，需要把握主题意义，分析文章篇章结构和最后一段关键句型，才能选出正确的选项。

(2023 全国乙卷)11.What might the author continue talking about?

A.The art of cooking in other countries.

B.Male chefs on TV programmes.

C.Table manners in the UK.

D.Studies of big eaters.

【解析】根据“Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine,it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.”可知，英国虽然烹饪技术并不高，但它们的一流厨师不断出现在电视上，并且他们的烹饪书是最畅销的，由此推断，英国电视上的厨师节目很受欢迎，同时也可以得出文章主要讲电视上的厨艺；再由最后一段中的“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV,it’s no longer‘uncool’for boys to like cooking.”便推出男厨师越来越多出现在电视上，结合全文主旨，由此可知接下来是围绕在电视上的男厨师展开话题，故选B。

备考建议

1.把握主题意义

主题意义是推测隐含意义训练的核心，学生如果不知道一篇文章的主题意义，推测隐含意义微技能训练就会落为空谈。有了对主题意义的把握，才会对所有的推测隐含意义训练提供有力的佐证，所以在阅读前要分析文本结构，梳理文章主线，得出主题意义。

2.定期推测隐含意义训练

每天对不同的推测隐含意义内容进行针对性训练，在把握主题意义的条件下，对问题进行合理分析，推断，论证，对独自完成不了的情况，与同学或老师进行讨论，直到解决问题。定期对有价值的问题，进行反思，调整自己的思维模式。

3.分析句子

句子在思维品质训练上也起到重要作用，学会对句子的分析，推测出真实的语义，也就为掌握文章主题意义提供了关键的一步。要定期归纳句子及其所用的词，积累其在语境中的意义，并加以巩固复习。

总之，高考阅读命题本着无思维，不命题的原则，所以高考阅读对学生推测意义考查是高考的重点，也是英语教学的重点。熟知命题人的考查思维方式是备考的捷径，对推测隐含意义的针对性的训练是提升思维品质的有效途径。

【针对性训练】

For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue,N.Y.，today is speech day,and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn.The 8-year-old is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes,he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.

But he’s nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...”Chris trips on the“-ld”，a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is next to him,whispering support.“...Vote for...me...”Except for some stumbles，Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion,Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.

A son of immigrants,Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.Whaley recalls（回想起）how at the beginning of the year,when called upon to read,Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.

Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience.What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.“It takes a lot for any student,”Whaley explains,“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language,to feel confident enough to say,‘I don’t know,but I want to know.’”

Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast（夸耀）about themselves.

“Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities,”Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”

1.What does the underlined word“stumbles”in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A.Improper pauses. B.Bad manners.

C.Spelling mistakes.D.Silly jokes.

2.We can infer that the pupose of Whaley’s project is to _______________.

A.help students see their own strengths

B.assess students’ public speaking skills

C.prepare students for their future jobs

D.inspire students’ love for politics

3.Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?

A.Humorous. B.Ambitious.

C.Caring. D.Demanding.