异源双根缓解咖啡连作障碍及其机制初探
2024-03-10孙燕张昂赵青云董云萍龙宇宙林兴军
孙燕 张昂 赵青云 董云萍 龙宇宙 林兴军
摘 要:為明确异源双根是否能缓解咖啡连作障碍及其可能机制,本试验研究以大粒种咖啡1号(Caffea liberica, No. 1)和中粒种咖啡热研1号(Caffea canephora, Reyan No. 1)靠接形成大粒种-中粒种异源双根咖啡,通过咖啡连作障碍园土壤培养幼苗,评价植株苗木质量,明确异源双根对咖啡连作障碍的缓解作用。通过双根无分隔、尼龙网分隔、双盆分隔等不同分根方式试验,明确异源双根缓解咖啡连作障碍机制,并探讨双根间在缓解连作障碍上的差异及协同作用。结果表明:较连作障碍咖啡园非根际土,异源双根咖啡或同源双根咖啡经根际土培养后苗木质量指数、总的植株生物量均显著下降,连作逆境抑制咖啡生物量积累,使苗木质量变差;非根际土培养后,异源双根咖啡、同源双根咖啡的苗木质量指数或和总的植株生物量差异均不显著,;而根际土培养后,异源双根咖啡较同源双根咖啡的苗木质量指数、大粒种根系生物量、中粒种根系生物量及总的植株生物量均显著提高。因此,连作逆境虽抑制咖啡生长,但对同源双根咖啡影响更大,异源双根通过其大粒种根系缓解连作逆境咖啡生长障碍。为进一步明确异源双根尤其是大粒种根系缓解咖啡连作障碍的可能机制,以不同分根方式培养异源双根咖啡,发现较无分隔、双盆分隔处理,连作逆境下双根尼龙网分隔后植株苗木质量佳,并且尼龙网分隔后植株的中粒种根系长势最好,说明大粒种根系化感物质促进中粒种根系生长。双根无分隔、双盆分隔后植株的苗木质量差异不显著,无分隔较双盆分隔后植株的大粒种根系长势差,即双根系在能够彼此接触的自然生长状态下,中粒种根系抑制大粒种根系生长,但这种抑制作用与中粒种根际化感物质无关,尼龙网分隔、双盆分隔后植株的大粒种根系长势差异不显著,说明大粒种根际有无中粒种根际化感物质,对大粒种根系生长均无影响。综上所述,异源双根通过其大粒种根系减少自身在连作逆境中的化感抑制,利用其根际化感物质促进中粒种根系生长等,实现根壮苗壮,达到缓解咖啡连作障碍的目的。试验研究结论为异源双根靠接在大田的推广应用提供理论依据。
关键词:咖啡;连作障碍;异源双根;分根培养;苗木质量中图分类号:S571.2 文献标识码:A
Heterologous Double-root Alleviated Coffee Continuous Cropping Obstacle and the Mechanism
SUN Yan1,2, ZHANG Ang1,2, ZHAO Qingyun1,2, DONG Yunping1,2, LONG Yuzhou1,2*, LIN Xingjun1,2
1. Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Innovation Platform for Academician Zhang Fusuo of Hainan Province / Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Wanning, Hainan 571533, China; 2.
Yan Lin Expert Workstation of Yunnan Province, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000, China
Abstract: In order to clarify the alleviating effect of heterologous double-root on coffee continuous cropping obstacle, the soil of the continuous cropping obstacle garden of coffee was used to cultivate Caffea liberica, No. 1/ and C. canephora, Reyan No. 1 heterologous double-root grafting coffee seedling. The mechanism of heterologous double-root alleviating continuous cropping obstacle was clarified through different root separation ways, and the differences and synergies of heterologous double-root in alleviating continuous cropping obstacle were discussed. Compared with non-rhizosphere soil, the seedling quality index and plant biomass of heterologous double-root coffee or homologous double-root coffee decreased significantly after culturing in rhizosphere soil. After non-rhizosphere soil culture, there were no significant differences in the seedling quality index or plant biomass between heterologous double-root coffee and homologous double-root coffee. The seedling quality index, root biomass of C. liberica and C. canephora, and total plant biomass of heterologous double-root coffee were significantly higher than those of homogenous double-root coffee after rhizosphere soil culture. Continuous cropping obstacle inhibited the growth of coffee, but had more effect on homologous double-root coffee. Heterogenous double-root coffee alleviated the growth obstacle of continuous-cropping coffee by C. liberica roots. The seedlings quality of the heterologous double-root coffee separated root by nylon net was better than that of root undivided or separated root by double pot under continuous cropping, and the root growth of C. canephora was the best in nylon net separation. Root allelochemicals of C. liberica promoted the root growth of C. canephora. There was no significant difference in the seedlings quality of heterologous double-root coffee between root undivided and separated root by double pot, and the C. liberica root growth of root undivided was worse than that of double pot separation. The root growth of C. canephora inhibited the root growth of C. liberica when the heterologous double-root were in contact with each other, but this inhibition was not related to the allelopathic substances in the C. canephora rhizosphere. The root growth of C. liberica had no significant difference in nylon net separation and double pot separation. There was no effect on the root growth of C. liberica with or without the allelopathic substances. of C. canephora. The root system of C. liberica alleviated the continuous cropping obstacle by reducing the inhibition of allelopathic environment and promoting the root growth of C. canephora by its allelopathic substances. The results would provide a theoretical basis for the application of heterologous double-root grafting in the field.
Keywords: coffee; continuous cropping obstacle; heterologous double-root; root separation and cultivation; seedling quality
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.02.012
连作障碍是世界性难题[1-3]。咖啡是我国热区重要的优势特色作物[4],由于其多年生生长特性,连作栽培后主栽品种中粒种咖啡表现出根系少、烂根、减产等明显的生长障碍,严重时甚至绝产、死亡[2, 5]。大粒种咖啡根系发达[4, 6],本课题组前期研究发现,在连作障碍下,较中粒种自根嫁接苗,以大粒种为砧木,中粒种为接穗的单砧种间嫁接苗的N、P、Ca、Mg吸收量分别增加67.29%、128.21%、101.64%、58.33%,地上部和根系干物质量分别增加38.79%和、86.25%,植株长势增强[5, 7];且单砧嫁接咖啡产量和咖啡豆绿原酸含量分别增加38.46%和40.30%[8],大粒种砧木表现出抗连作障碍优势。然而,咖啡连作障碍园重新定植咖啡后,植株需要3年 a才能挂果,清园重植经济损失大。因此,推广大粒种单砧嫁接苗用于缓解咖啡连作障碍的局限性大,应用价值大打折扣。
进而尝试在连作障碍园的中粒种上直接靠接大粒种,发现大粒种-中粒种异源双根当年就能明显恢复植株长势,来年进入生产期。在咖啡连作障碍园的主栽中粒种上靠接一个大粒种根系,形成新的植株个体——异源双根咖啡,无疑为克服中粒种连作障碍、减少多年生作物更新换代经济损失、快速恢复生产提供新的思路。然而,各种作物通过嫁接缓解连作障碍的相关报道中,迄今仅局限在单砧单穗植株个体的研究上[9-10],对双根系植株鲜见报道。在咖啡生产中,虽有双根靠接缓解连作障碍的试验成效,但缓解机制并不清楚。基于砧-穗互作[11-12]、邻株根系互作[13-14]等均有可能影响植株生长,且大粒种、中粒种根际化感物质存在差异[15]等研究结论,那么在中粒种上靠接一个大粒种根系后,双根克服连作障碍是通過根-穗-根互作、双根间化感物质互作、双根系接触性互作中的哪些途径来实现的?双根是否有协同作用?目前尚不清楚。因此,本试验研究以大粒种咖啡1号和中粒种咖啡热研1号靠接形成大粒种-中粒种异源双根咖啡,通过咖啡连作障碍园土壤培养幼苗,评价植株苗木质量,明确异源双根对咖啡连作障碍的缓解作用。通过双根无分隔、尼龙网分隔、双盆分隔等不同分根方式试验,明确异源双根缓解咖啡连作障碍的可能机制,并探讨双根间在缓解连作障碍上的差异及协同作用,以期为开展定向调控,增强异源双根咖啡抗连作障碍能力并推广应用提供理论支持。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
大粒种咖啡1号(Caffea liberica, No. 1)和主栽品种中粒种咖啡热研1号(Caffea canephora, Reyan No. 1)的种子经沙床催芽,待子叶平展时选取长势一致的幼苗,进行大粒种与中粒种、中粒种与中粒种靠接,保证靠接口离地位置相同。成活后均保留双根系,以保证2个供试材料根系量大体一致。地上部选留一1条中粒种接穗,并在靠接口以上相同位置舌接热研1号高产无性系的直生枝,解绑后选取长势一致,健壮的6月龄大粒种-中粒种异源双根咖啡和中粒种-中粒种同源双根咖啡作为试验材料。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 试验设计 试验在中国热带农业科学院香饮香料饮料研究所人工气候室进行,以咖啡连作障碍园植株非根际土、根际土开展幼苗分根培养试验。试验包括设置6个处理:非根际土培养下,同源双根咖啡双根间无分隔(T1,常规培养盆,自然生长状态)、异源双根咖啡双根间无分隔(T2),以及根际土培养下,同源双根咖啡双根间无分隔(T3)、异源双根咖啡双根间无分隔(T4)、异源双根咖啡双根间尼龙网分隔(T5,阻隔根系,双根间仅根际化感物质能通过)、异源双根咖啡双根间双盆分隔(T6,双根被完全隔开,在土壤中无相互作用,双根间仅能通过根-穗-根互作产生联系),将幼苗移至装有5 kg土壤的营养钵中,淋足定根水,每个处理10盆,3次重复。土壤肥力特征见表1。培养过程中每隔2 d淋水1次,保持土壤湿润,控制荫蔽度50%、温度27 ℃左右,每隔90 d淋0.1%水溶肥(N-P-K:15-15-15)1次,浇灌量0.5 L/盆,其他管理按常规。培养1年 a后测定植株株高、茎粗,双根系分别取样,地上部茎、叶分别取样,测定生物量等生长指标。
1.2.2 指标测定 (1)土壤肥力指标测定。参照鲍士旦[16]的方法分别测定非根际土、根际土pH、EC、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、钙、镁含量。
(2)生长指标测定。分别用米尺和数显游标卡尺测定植株株高及茎粗,并计算高径比,为保证测量结果可比性,统一选择舌接口下沿测量茎粗。整株用自来水冲洗干净,再用蒸馏水冲洗1遍,擦干后双根系分别取样,地上部茎、叶分别取样,105 ℃杀青30 min,75 ℃烘干至恒重,冷却后称重,计算苗木质量指数,苗木质量指数=苗木生物量/[(株高/茎粗)+(地上部干重/根干重)][17]。
1.3 数据处理
采用Excel 2010软件进行试验数据的整理与分析,采用SPSS 16.0软件进行计算与统计分析,采用Duncan?'s法进行多重比较。
2 结果与分析
2.1 异源双根对连作障碍下咖啡幼苗苗木质量的影响
较连作障碍咖啡园非根际土,异源双根咖啡或和同源双根咖啡经根际土培养后株高、茎粗及苗木质量指数均显著下降,T4较T2处理分别下降36.47%、40.99%和56.67%,T3较T1处理分别下降27.08%、44.14%和94.20%,连作逆境使咖啡苗木质量变差。经连作障碍咖啡园非根际土培养后,异源双根咖啡、同源双根咖啡苗木质量差异不大,除株高外,其余指标在T1、T2处理间差异均不显著,而经根际土培养后,异源双根咖啡较同源双根咖啡苗木质量佳,T4较T3处理植株苗木质量指数显著提高,增幅达670.83%,因此,连作逆境使咖啡苗木质量变差,但对同源双根咖啡苗木质量影响更大(图1)。
2.2 异源双根对连作障碍下咖啡幼苗生物量的影响
较连作障碍咖啡园非根际土,异源双根咖啡或同源双根咖啡经根际土培养后各指标均显著下降,T4较T2处理大粒种根系、中粒种根系及总的根系生物量、地上部及总的植株生物量分别下降53.68%、54.84%、54.15%、63.65%和60.76%,T3较T1处理植株总的根系生物量、地上部及总的植株生物量分别下降91.81%、94.99%和94.02%,连作逆境抑制咖啡生物量积累。经连作障碍咖啡园非根际土培养后,异源双根咖啡、同源双根咖啡生物量差异不大,除大粒种根系生物量外,其余指标在T1、T2处理间差异均不显著,而经根际土培养后,异源双根咖啡较同源双根咖啡根系壮,T4较T3处理的大粒种根系、中粒种根系及总的根系生物量均显著提高,增幅分别为676.67%628.13%、450.00413.33%%和545.00%,同时,地上部及总的植株生物量也显著提高,增幅分别为736.90%和656.94%,因此,连作逆境虽阻碍咖啡生长,但对同源双根咖啡影响更大,异源双根通过其大粒种根系促进植株生物量积累(表2)。
2.3 不同分根方式对连作障碍下咖啡幼苗苗木质量的影响
连作障碍咖啡园根际土分根培养异源双根咖啡后,双盆分隔、无分隔处理苗木质量差异不显著(图2)。T6较T4处理除株高显著提高外,茎粗、高径比、苗木质量指数处理间均无显著差异。双根尼龙网分隔较无分隔、双盆分隔处理苗木质量佳。T5较T4、T6处理植株株高、苗木质量指数均显著提高,增幅分别为21.25%和52.97%、8.12%和49.74%,尼龙网分隔后根系间仅根际化感物质能通过,因此,根际化感物质是提高连作逆境苗木质量的重要因素。
2.4 不同分根方式对连作障碍下咖啡幼苗生物量的影响
连作障碍咖啡园根际土分根培养异源双根咖啡后,双根尼龙网分隔较无分隔、双盆分隔处理根系壮,植株壮。T5较T4处理的大粒种根系、中粒种根系及总的根系生物量、地上部生物量均显著提高,增幅分别为38.56%38.63%、53.90%、44.70%和61.02%,T5较T6处理的中粒种根系及总的根系生物量、地上部生物量显著提高,增幅分别为64.89%、59.47%和84.97%,3个处理中,双根尼龙网分隔培养后植株生物量最高,并且中粒种根系长势最好,大粒种根际化感物质促进中粒种根系生长。T4较T6处理的大粒种根系及总的根系生物量均显著下降,降幅分别为23.61%和13.81%,而中粒种根系、地上部及
总的植株生物量处理间无显著差异,无分隔处理使双根系处于能够彼此接触的自然生长状态下,其较双盆分隔培养后植株的大粒种根系长势差,中粒种根系抑制大粒种根系生长,但这种抑制作用与中粒种根际化感物质无关,T5、T6处理的大粒种根系生物量无显著差异,双根尼龙网分隔及双盆分隔培养后,大粒种根际有无中粒种根际化感物质,对大粒种根系生长均无影响(表3)。因此,异源双根通过其大粒种根系减少自身在连作逆境中的化感抑制,及利用其根际化感物质促进中粒种根系生长,缓解连作逆境对植株生物量积累的抑制作用。
3 讨论
适宜的嫁接方式不仅可以保留优势品种的生长特性,还可以在一定程度上改善植株长势[1, 18-20]。
杨志刚等[19]、储昭胜等[20]研究发现,黄瓜根系在水平及垂直分布上均表现为双根嫁接苗>单根嫁接苗>自根苗,双根嫁接能改善黄瓜根系生长,提高产量及品质。苗木质量指数综合株高、茎粗、生物量等多个指标,能较好的地反映苗木质量好坏。一般情况下,植株生物量越大,苗木质量指数越高,则苗木质量也越好[17, 21-23]。较连作障碍咖啡园非根际土,异源双根咖啡或同源双根咖啡经根际土培养后苗木质量指数、总的植株生物量均显著下降,连作逆境使咖啡苗木质量变差。经非根际土培养后,异源双根咖啡、同源双根咖啡苗木质量指数或总的植株生物量均差异不显著,而经根际土培养后,同源双根咖啡较异源双根咖啡苗木质量指数、总的植株生物量均显著降低,说明连作逆境对同源双根咖啡生长的抑制作用更大。经非根际土培养后,异源双根咖啡、同源双根咖啡总的根系生物量或地上部生物量均差異不大,而经根际土培养后,异源双根咖啡较同源双根咖啡中粒种根系生物量、总的根系生物量及地上部生物量均显著提高,缓解了连作逆境对异源双根咖啡中粒种根系的抑制作用被缓解,推断大粒种根系介入后,大粒种-中粒种异源双根起到了根壮从而苗壮的作用。
综上所述,连作逆境抑制咖啡生物量积累,咖啡苗木质量差,但对同源双根咖啡影响更大,异源双根通过大粒种根系促进植株生物量积累,缓解连作逆境咖啡生长障碍。为进一步明确异源双根尤其是大粒种根系缓解咖啡连作障碍的可能机制,通过不同分根方式培养异源双根咖啡,发现连作逆境下,双根尼龙网分隔较无分隔、双盆分隔处理苗木质量指数、中粒种根系生物量及总的植株生物量均最高,尼龙网分隔后根系间仅根际化感物质能通过,3个处理中,双根尼龙网分隔培养后植株苗木质量最好,并且中粒种根系长势最好,说明大粒种根际化感物质促进中粒种根系生长。双根无分隔处理使双根系处于能够相互接触的自然生长状态下,双根可以占据彼此生长位,双盆分隔使双根系被完全分隔,没有无相互作用,双根无分隔较双盆分隔培养后大粒种根系及总的根系生物量均显著下降,中粒种根系抑制大粒种根系生长,但这种抑制作用与中粒种根际化感物质无关,双根尼龙网分隔及双盆分隔培养后大粒种根系生物量无显著差异,说明大粒种根际有无中粒种根际化感物质,对大粒种根系生长均无影响。另一方面,双根无分隔较双盆分隔培养后苗木质量指数、总的植株生物量均差异不显著,即两个处理苗木质量差异不大,推断中粒种根系对大粒种根系生长的抑制作用与大粒种根系对中粒种根系生长的化感促进,两二者之间的作用抵消。综上所述,异源双根通过其大粒种根系减少自身在连作逆境中的化感抑制,并利用其根际化感物质促进中粒种根系生长,实现根壮苗壮,缓解咖啡连作障碍。
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