NCCT下输尿管壁厚度在输尿管结石诊疗中的研究进展
2024-01-24彭钰迪 陈楚义
彭钰迪 陈楚义
【摘要】 近年尿路结石的发病率在过去的时间里不断上升,治疗方式也在不断迭代更新。当下微创治疗已成为一种趋势,主要包括体外冲击波碎石术、输尿管支架管置入术、输尿管镜碎石取石术等。非对比CT(NCCT) 作为临床上外科疾病常用的无创诊断技术,对识别尿路结石具有高特异度和灵敏度。除明确诊断外,目前利用测量输尿管壁厚度(UWT)预测输尿管结石治疗方案的匹配程度及其预后情况备受关注。现有研究提示UWT对输尿管结石嵌顿及治疗方案的疗效具有预测意义,但大部分局限于UWT对单一治疗方式的预测。笔者结合近年UWT相关研究进行综述,为输尿管结石嵌顿预测及临床治疗方案的选择提供参考。
【关键词】 输尿管壁厚度;输尿管结石;嵌顿;诊治;预测
Research progress in ureteral wall thickness in diagnosis and treatment of ureteral calculi under NCCT Peng Yudi△, Chen Chuyi. △Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
Corresponding author, Chen Chuyi, E-mail: 53412547@qq.com
【Abstract】 Recently, the incidence of ureteral calculi has been increased, and the treatment methods have been constantly updated. Nowadays, minimally invasive treatment has become a trend, mainly including extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URL), percutaneous nephrolithotripsis (PCNL) and laparoscopic lithotripsis. Noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT), as a common noninvasive diagnostic technique for clinical surgical diseases, has high specificity and sensitivity for the identification of ureteral calculi. In addition to definite diagnosis, the use of ureteral wall thickness (UWT) measurement to predict the matching degree of ureteral calculi treatment and prognosis has received widespread attention. Existing literature has suggested that UWT can predict the efficacy of ureteral stone incarceration and treatment plan. However, most studies are limited to the prediction of single treatment mode by UWT. In this article, literature review related to UWT was performed, aiming to provide reference for the prediction of ureteral stone incarceration and the selection of clinical treatment regimen.
【Key words】 Ureteral wall thickness; Ureteral calculi; Incarceration; Diagnosis and treatment; Predict
尿路結石是泌尿系统常见的疾病之一,其发病率在近30年内呈现逐渐上升趋势[1]。统计表明,住院患者中输尿管结石患者占尿路结石患者总数的35%~55%[2]。输尿管结石长时间的停留对输尿管黏膜造成压迫,导致输尿管壁血流量减少,进而引发输尿管水肿和息肉形成,一旦结石被息肉所包裹将导致彻底失去自行排出的可能[3]。输尿管结石嵌顿阻塞输尿管引起近端输尿管及肾盂积水、积脓,导致患侧肾脏功能受损,严重者可发展为脓毒血症,危及患者生命[4]。
目前关于输尿管结石嵌顿的诊断仍存在争议,主要观点有以下3 种:①结石在输尿管中某一位置停留超过2个月;②尿路造影,包括静脉肾盂造影(IVP)或者CT尿路成像(CTU)等检查过程中未见造影剂通过结石平面;③经尿道逆行插入导丝无法通过结石平面到达输尿管近端[1-3]。以上3种诊断标准均有明显的局限性:①多数患者无法对结石进行明确且连续的监测,无法确切得知结石是否在同一个位置停留且停留时间超过2个月;②部分患者因对造影剂过敏或肾功能不全而无法进行尿路造影;③目前国内单纯进行输尿管镜检查术较少,输尿管结石嵌顿的诊断主要来源于治疗性手术的术中诊断[5]。目前大部分研究提示,在逆行输尿管镜直视下明确输尿管结石被炎性息肉包裹、输尿管结石无法被推动、导丝无法通过结石平面即可诊断输尿管结石嵌顿[1-4, 6]。
输尿管结石除了保守治疗外,还有体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)、输尿管支架管置入术、输尿管镜碎石取石术(URL)等手术治疗方案。输尿管结石嵌顿让患者失去自发排石的可能性,降低了手术的成功率,为临床治疗及手术带来更大的风险和挑战。如何准确地对输尿管结石嵌顿进行预测是一个具有实用性的问题。因此,评估UWT在预测输尿管结石嵌顿在不同治疗方案中的作用,进而帮助临床医师在治疗前了解所选择治疗方案的合理性和准确性具有重要意义。
一、UWT在输尿管结石嵌顿诊断中的作用
在输尿管结石的诊疗过程中,治疗方式的选择是关键。当输尿管结石嵌顿时,治疗方式的选择更为艰难。因为输尿管结石嵌顿较非嵌顿性结石的手术难度更高、术中并发症发病率更高、术后结石清除率更低[7]。术前准确预测输尿管结石嵌顿在临床诊疗中意义重大。现有文献对术前炎性指标及结石相关数据进行分析后提示,结石CT值、结石体径、结石横径、结石最大横截面积等是输尿管结石嵌顿的独立危险因素[1-4, 6]。近年来,随着非对比CT(NCCT)在输尿管结石术前检查中广泛应用,众多学者尝试以输尿管壁厚度(UWT)作为预测输尿管结石嵌顿的新指标。2017年Yoshida等[8]对130例输尿管结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中包含嵌顿性结石50例(38.5%)、非嵌顿性结石80例(61.5%),结果表明UWT是输尿管结石嵌顿的危险因素(OR=5.43,P < 0.001),受試者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析表明,UWT 3.49 mm是预测输尿管结石嵌顿的最佳临界值,灵敏度为 74.0%、特异度为 87.5%。随后输尿管镜检查结果显示,高UWT(≥3.49 mm)组与低UWT(<3.49 mm)组在输尿管水肿(89.3% vs. 55.4%,P < 0.001)、息肉(44.7% vs. 18.1%,P < 0.001)、疑似缺血性黏膜(44.7% vs. 15.7%,P < 0.001)间存在差异。
近年回顾性分析结果均提示,UWT是输尿管结石嵌顿的独立预测因子,过高的UWT往往预示着更严重的输尿管壁水肿及更紧密的结石嵌顿程度[9-13]。通过测量UWT预测输尿管结石嵌顿对帮助临床医师判断结石是否能够接受非侵入性治疗具有现实意义。
二、UWT在输尿管结石治疗中的预测作用
1. UWT在输尿管结石保守治疗中的预测作用
对于输尿管结石直径≤10 mm的患者,观察或药物排石治疗是其常用的初步治疗方式,但输尿管结石嵌顿患者不推荐使用保守治疗[14]。一方面,多数输尿管结石嵌顿患者的结石病史较长,已超过保守治疗的观察期限;另一方面,输尿管结石嵌顿会引起输尿管壁炎性息肉增生,使输尿管通道更加狭窄,缺乏继续向远端排出的可能。有学者对直径≤
10 mm输尿管结石进行4周保守治疗,4周后结石可自发排出202例(48.3%)、无法自发排出216例(51.7%),UWT是直径≤10 mm输尿管在4周后结石无法自发排出的独立危险因素[14]。该研究的ROC曲线分析表明,UWT 2.71 mm是预测输尿管结石自发排出的最佳临界值,特异度为 83.0%,UWT< 2.71 mm患者4周后输尿管结石自发排出率高于UWT≥ 2.71 mm患者(76.4% vs. 14.7%,P < 0.001)。此外UWT≥ 2.71 mm患者在4周内与结石相关并发症的发生风险更高(16.4% vs. 7.2%,P = 0.004)。
保守治疗是直径≤10 mm输尿管结石的可选治疗方式,但输尿管结石保守治疗同样存在风险,长时间的观察反而可能成为输尿管结石嵌顿的诱因,在观察期间反复肾绞痛、肾功能恶化甚至出现尿毒症亦不在少数[15-16]。有关输尿管结石能否继续接受保守治疗是患者及医师共同关注的问题,以UWT预测输尿管结石自发排出具有可行性,并根据患者病情个体差异考虑患者接受保守治疗的最佳持续时间,防止并发症的发生。
2. UWT在ESWL中的预测作用
ESWL作为输尿管上段结石的一线治疗方式,因其无侵入性、严重并发症少等特点而更加容易被患者所接受[16-18]。ESWL 的成功率与结石大小、结石成分和结石位置相关[19]。一项统计指出,ESWL对输尿管结石嵌顿患者的治疗效果欠佳,其结石清除率仅为25.2%,且需要反复进行碎石[20]。为此,一项研究回顾性分析了147例接受ESWL治疗的患者,其中136例(92.5%)结石排出,11例(7.5%)治疗失败,UWT是输尿管结石保守治疗自发排出的危险因素(P < 0.001),ROC曲线分析表明,UWT 5.25 mm是预测输尿管结石患者接受ESWL后结石排出的最佳临界值,灵敏度为 100%,特异度为 91.2%[21]。在接受ESWL治疗的患者中,UWT≥5.25 mm组12例(52.1%)治疗成功、11例(47.9%)治疗失败,UWT<5.25 mm组的所有病例均治疗成功(100%)。在近年同类型研究中,大部分研究均提示UWT是ESWL后患者输尿管结石成功排出的影响因素。
ESWL在一定程度下是以重复治疗为代价取得良好的效果,其治疗总时长比其他治疗方式更长[6, 21]。当前指南明确表示ESWL治疗次数一般不要超过3次[16]。以UWT作为输尿管结石患者接受ESWL治疗效果的预测因素,可协助临床医师评估患者接受ESWL治疗的预后,避免因多次尝试ESWL而延误输尿管结石最佳手术治疗时间。
3. UWT在输尿管支架管置入术中的预测进展
尿路结石停留于输尿管段时,常常由于其梗阻性需要紧急处理,避免病情进展导致肾功能受损和肾脏形态改变等不可逆性病变[22-23]。及时手术治疗解除病因是最佳方案,但当患者伴随严重感染或麻醉不能耐受等问题时,放置经皮肾造瘘管或输尿管支架管是更为安全的处理方式,而放置输尿管支架缓解梗阻更容易被医师及患者所接受[24]。输尿管结石嵌顿会增加输尿管支架置入术的并发症如输尿管壁损伤、穿孔等,还可能面临严重的术后并发症[25-26]。有学者为寻找输尿管支架置入术的影响因素,回顾性分析227例需要放置输尿管内支架的患者,其中成功置入162例(71.4%)、无法置入65例(28.6%),ROC曲线分析显示UWT 3.35 mm是输尿管支架通过结石平面的最佳临界值,灵敏度为86.2%,特异度为92.6%[27]。术中支架管无法穿过结石平面时,临床医师会尝试进行更多的操作,这就使得其术中或术后并发症发生率上升。通过UWT预测输尿管支架置入的可能性,可提醒临床医师警惕输尿管损伤、穿孔等并发症的发生,避免在支架置入操作期间过度操作,必要时更改手术方式。
4. UWT在URL中的预测进展
URL作为目前输尿管结石主流的微创治疗方式,其适应证越来越广泛[18]。其结石清除率高、创伤小、术后恢复快等优势受到患者的喜爱。然而输尿管结石嵌顿手术难度明显上升,输尿管壁损伤、穿孔、撕脱等并发症的发生率更高[28]。通过统计全球32个国家的114个中心合作建立的CROES数据库中,URL治疗后总体并发症发生率和无结石率分别为7.4%和85.6%。术中和术后并发症发生率分别为4.2%和2.6%[29]。有研究表明,URL对输尿管嵌顿性结石的结石清除率为87.1%,低于非嵌顿性结石的结石清除率(92.7%),术中并发症发生率(7.9 %)则高于非嵌顿性结石组(3.0%)[30]。另一项研究将UWT 3.49 mm作为预测输尿管结石嵌顿的最佳临界值,将130例接受URL的患者分为高UWT(≥3.49 mm)組和低UWT(<3.49 mm)组,高UWT组与低UWT组的手术时间(89 min vs. 60 min,P = 0.002)、术后结石清除率(88.9% vs. 98.4%,P = 0.041)存在差异[8]。同类型研究进行了回顾性分析及前瞻性研究,结果显示UWT既是结石清除率的独立危险因素,也是URL发生并发症的独立危险因素[3]。
随着输尿管镜技术的快速发展,URL安全性更加稳定,并被全球泌尿专科医师广泛接受,但医源性输尿管撕脱、撕裂、穿孔及败血症的发生率仍然较高。通过UWT预测URL术后结石清除率及发生并发症的风险,提醒临床医师做好围术期准备,注意术中精细操作、控制手术时间等,对降低URL术后并发症发生率具有指导意义。
三、结 语
UWT对输尿管结石治疗方案的选择具有一定指导意义。在临床工作中可将UWT结合结石大小、结石密度等其他危险因素以及患者个人意愿综合评估,选择个体化治疗方案。目前对UWT的研究中仍有许多不足之处:①目前已有众多相关文献发表,但大部分是单中心回顾性研究,队列相对较小,对于UWT的预测作用仍属于初步研究,后续仍需更多随机对照试验和大样本量支持及前瞻性研究队列的验证;②目前UWT为临床医师在NCCT下手动测量,为确保可重复性,需开发UWT的自动测量系统;③以上结论得出的最佳临界值并非绝对标准,需要大样本量荟萃分析得出更加合适的临界值或者相对区间值。
UWT对相关研究仍为一大热点,寻找UWT在不同治疗方式的最佳临界值或形成预测模型必定能为临床决策提供指导价值。结石治疗具有明显的异质性,不能依靠单一元素进行完美预测,仍需不断完善结石治疗的危险因素研究,综合各危险因素制定更精准的预测模型。
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(收稿日期:2023-07-04)
(本文編辑:林燕薇)