小说的读写
2023-10-30袁丹纯
袁丹纯
文体导读
小说,是一种以刻画人物形象为中心,通过完整的故事情节和环境描写来反映社会生活的文学体裁。
环境、人物和情节是小说的三要素。情节一般包括开端、发展、高潮、结局四部分,有的还包括序幕、尾声。根据拉波夫叙事分析模式,一个完整的叙事模式以点题和指向开始,以进展为主体,用评议烘托气氛,以结局结束情节,最后用回应将读者拉回现实。“点题”要求用简单一句话交代清楚故事的关键要素,引发读者的阅读兴趣;“指向”是指故事的时间、地点、人物及背景,是对情节发展的铺垫;“进展”是一篇小说的主体部分,即故事的发展,先发生了什么,接着发生了什么,随后又发生了什么;“评议”是在故事中了解作者的写作意图和态度;“结局”是故事的完结;“回应”是连接故事和现实的纽带。
小说的表现手法主要有细节描写和修辞手法。细节描写又分人物描写和环境描写;修辞手法主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、反复、对比、讽刺、设问、反问、用典、通感和借代等。
策略导航
1.巧用标注细品文章。例如,通过大括号将小说语篇结构中的“点题、指向、进展、评议、结局和回应”标注出来,并标出相应的关键词。此外,可通过彩色笔画出细节描写和修辞手法。例如:用红色笔标注心理描写,用蓝色笔标注语言描写,用绿色笔标注环境描写,用黄色笔标注修辞手法。写作时,根据标注的内容,进行仿写。
2. 利用“LOCK系统”搭建文本框架和读写支架。“LOCK系统”的各个要素中,L代表主角(Lead),O代表目标(Objective),C代表冲突(Confrontation),而K代表冲击性结尾(Knockout)。它们可以概括为一个公式:故事情节=主角+目标+冲突+冲击性结尾。在阅读小说时,利用“LOCK系统”有助于我们整合人物信息,梳理情节走向,明确故事的高潮和转折点,分析故事结尾与小说主题的关系。在写小说读后感时,我们可以利用“LOCK系统”提炼出小说的内容、写作手法和主题。
素材导背
一、关于作者
Sb, was the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era and one of the most pop⁃ular novelists of all time.某人是维多利亚时代最受欢迎的英国小说家,同时也是有史以来最受欢迎的小说家之一。
He created some of literatures most memorable characters. 他创造了一些文学作品中最令人难忘的人物。
It is because of this experience that makes sb more concerned about the living condi⁃tions of the working people. 正是因为这次经历,使得某人更加关心劳动人民的生活条件。
All of the experiences give sb a different life and each of them gives the reader a dif⁃ferent thought. 所有的经历给了某人一个完全不同的生活,并且每一次的经历都带给了读者不同的思考。
二、关于小说的主旨或概况
I read a novel entitled..., written by an English author named... 我读了一部名为……的小说,它是由英国作家……所写的。
The story describes a girl called..., who walks out of the shadow of...and begins a newlife. 这个故事描写了一个名叫……的女孩,她走出……的阴影,开始新生活。
Sb's novels expose some social problems, such as... 某人的小说揭露了诸如……的一些社会问题。
三、对作品的评价
I think/In my opinion/From my point of view, ... 在我看来,……
My favourite character is... 我最喜欢的角色是……
One character vividly drawn throughout his novels is... 在他的小说中,刻画得很生动的一个人物是……
It is understandable that... ……是可以理解的。
But is it all right to...? 但……是對的吗?
One interesting anecdote contained in the story/novel is that... 这个故事/小说中的一件趣事是……
I think sb wants to let his readers know the darkness, terror, violence, and deceptionin the 19th century. 我认为某人希望他的读者了解19世纪的黑暗、恐怖、暴力和欺骗。
Here I remember a popular message which says that nothing is impossible for theyouth.在这里我想起一则受欢迎的信息:年轻无所不能。
The story teaches us that there should be boundaries in interpersonal relationships. 这个故事告诉我们人际关系应该有界限。
In conclusion, only when we keep proper distance can we feel comfortable with eachother and our friendship last long as well. 总之,只有当我们保持适当的距离,我们才能感到彼此相处舒适,我们的友谊才会持久。
案例导练
The Cop and the Anthem
by O. Henry
Winter was near. Soapy had to find some way to takecare of himself during the cold weather. Therefore, hemoved restlessly on his seat in the park.
Soapy's hopes for the winter were not very high.Three months in the prison on Blackwells Island was whathe wanted. Three months of food every day and a bed every night, three months safe fromthe cold north wind and safe from cops!This seemed to Soapy the most desirable thing inthe world.
The most pleasant way to prison was to have a good dinner at some fine restaurant without paying for it. Soapy left his seat and stopped at the best restaurant in this area. Butas Soapy put his foot inside the restaurant door, the head waiter saw his broken old shoesand the torn clothes that covered his legs. Strong and ready hands turned Soapy around andmoved him quietly and quickly outside.
It seemed that this most desirable way to the Island was not to be his. He must thinkof some other way of getting there.
Soapy picked up a big stone and threw it through the glass of another shop. Then,Soapy stood still and smiled, waiting for the cop to arrest him. But the cop saw another manrunning farther along the street, and raced after him.
Later, Soapy saw a man in the shop buying a newspaper. The mans umbrella stood be⁃side the door. Another idea occurred to him. Soapy stepped inside the shop, took the um?brella, and walked slowly away. The man followed him quickly.
“My umbrella,”he said.
“Oh, is it?”said Soapy.“I took it. Why dont you call a cop? Theres one standing at the corner.”
The cop looked at the two men.
“If that's your umbrella, I'm very sorry—I found it this morning in a restaurant.”Aftersaying that, the man hurried away. Soapy wished to be arrested, but the cops seemed to be⁃lieve he was like a king, who could do no wrong.
At last Soapy came to an old, old church where the beautiful anthem held him and re⁃minded him of his past clean soul when a sudden eagerness for a change took hold of him.In his clean past, his life contained such things as mothers and flowers and high hopes andfriends and clean thoughts and clean clothes. He saw with sick fear how he had fallen. Hesaw his worthless days, his wrong desires, his dead hopes, and the lost power of his mind.He would fight to change his life. He would pull himself up, out of the mud. He wouldmake a man of himself again.
There was time. That beautiful anthem had changed him. Tomorrow he would findwork. He would be somebody in the world. He would...
Soapy felt a hand on his arm. He looked quickly around into the broad face of a cop.
“What are you doing hanging around here?”asked the cop.
“Nothing,”said Soapy.
“You think I believe that?”said the cop.
Full of his new strength, Soapy began to argue. And it is not wise to argue with a New York cop.
“Come along,”said the cop.
“Three months on the Island,”said the judge to Soapy the next morning.
Ⅰ. 閱读自测
Ⅱ. 主题探究
The novel wants to tell us that in order to have a warm and safe 1. , poor home⁃less Soapy tried to commit crimes to be arrested by cops but he 2. . However, whenhe came to a church, heard the anthem and wished to behave better, he was arrested by acop for nothing 3. . The novelist wants to imply that the society at that time was4. when bad people were seen as innocent citizens while good people were consid⁃ered as criminals.
Ⅲ. 语言学习
1. 动作描写
But as Soapy put his foot inside the restaurant door, the head waiter saw his broken old shoes and the torn clothes that covered his legs.
但是当苏比刚踏进餐厅的门,服务员主管就看到他又旧又破的鞋子和腿上破破烂烂的裤子。
Strong and ready hands turned Soapy around and moved him quietly and quickly out⁃side.
强壮利索的店员以迅雷不及掩耳之势将苏比推至店外。
Soapy picked up a big stone and threw it through the glass of another shop.
苏比捡起一块大石头,朝另外一家店的玻璃扔过去。
Soapy stepped inside the shop, took the umbrella, and walked slowly away.
苏比走进那家店,捡起雨伞,就慢悠悠地走掉了。
2. 心理描写
He would fight to change his life. He would pull himself up, out of the mud. He wouldmake a man of himself again... Tomorrow he would find work. He would be somebody in theworld. He would...
他将要努力改变人生。他要把自己从泥潭中拉出来。他要重新堂堂正正地做人……明天他要找工作。他要成为世界上的一个大人物。他要……
3. 修辞手法
(1)反复
Three months in the prison on Blackwells Island was what he wanted. Three monthsof food every day and a bed every night, three months safe from the cold north wind andsafe from cops!
他想要待在Blackwells Island的监狱三个月,这三个月每天都有食物,每晚都有床,还有三个月免受寒冷北风的侵袭与警察的伤害!
反复指为突出某个思想,强调某种感情或增强语言节奏感而有意重复使用某一词语、句子或句群的一种修辞方式。本句使用了反复的修辞手法,不断重复threemonths,强调了苏比想要被关在监狱里的强烈愿望,同时反衬了当时穷人的悲惨生活。
(2)对比
“Three months on the Island,”said the judge to Soapy the next morning.
第二天早上法官对苏比说:“在这个岛上待三个月。”
对比是把具有明显差异、矛盾和对立的双方安排在一起,进行对照比较的表现手法。本处使用了对比修辞。本句是文章的最后一段,Three months on the Island与文章的第二段起到了首尾呼应的作用。文章前后主人翁不同的愿望与警察不同的态度形成了鲜明的对比,作者将想进监狱的苏比与不想进监狱的苏比进行对比,将把做了坏事的苏比当成好人的警察与把想做好人的苏比抓进监狱的警察进行对比,揭示了当时荒谬不公的社会状况。
(3)排比与对比
In his clean past,his life contained such things as mothers and flowers and high hopes and friends and clean thoughts and clean clothes.
在他清澈的过往,他的人生包含了诸如母亲、花朵、厚望、朋友、纯洁无邪的想法和干净的衣服。
He saw his worthless days, his wrong desires, his dead hopes, and the lost power of his mind.
他看到那些毫无价值的日子、错误的欲望、消逝的理想和失控的自己。
排比指的是把三个或三个以上意义相近或相关、结构相同或相似、语气相同的词组或句子并排在一起。上文这两处使用了排比和对比的修辞手法。先是苏比回忆过往一切美好的事物,再转到各种不堪的现状。作者运用排比和对比的修辞手法强调了苏比过往的美好与当下的卑微,凸显了他的愧疚之情以及想要改变的强烈意愿。
(4)借代
Strong and ready hands turned Soapy around and moved him quietly and quickly out⁃side.
强壮利索的店员以迅雷不及掩耳之势将苏比推至店外。
借代指的是不直说事物的名称,而是借用和它密切相关的名称去代替它,例如用具体代替抽象,用局部代替整体。上文的hands指的是店里的员工。
Ⅳ. 句式仿写
1. 他把梯子靠在墙边,爬上去往外看。
2. 我僵住了。我能感觉到热流上升到我的脸颊。
3. 爱屋及乌。
4. 你将要留下来,我将会走。
5. 没有人可以完全自由直到大家都自由,没有人可以完全有道德直到大家都有道德,没有人能完全开心直到所有人都是开心的。
6. 他们住在一起。
Ⅴ. 写作实践
最近,你们刚阅读了小说The Cop and the Anthem。英语老师布置了主题为“TheCop and the Anthem 的读后感”的写作任务。请根据以下要点,写一篇作文。
1. 总结小说的情节与主题;
2. 你对小说的评价;
2. 小说对你的启示。
注意:
1. 词数80左右;
2. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
3. 需要使用“素材导背”中的两个句式。
参考词汇:修辞figure of speech
My review on The Cop and the Anthem
A self⁃assessment checklist for my novel reading
1. 阅读本文前,我认真了解了小说的基本要素和写作特色。□ Yes □ No
2. 在阅读过程中,我会借助符号、数字或彩色笔对文本中的语篇结构和语言特色做相应标注。
□ Yes □ No
3. 在阅读过程中,我会用“LOCK系统”梳理文章。□ Yes □ No
4. 在阅读中,我会认真思考小说的主题。□ Yes □ No
5. 在這篇小说中,我最喜欢的部分是。
□ 人物描写□ 环境描写□ 情节安排□ 修辞手法
6. 读完本文后,我学会了通过描写人物的冲突和运用修辞手法来凸显文章的主题。
□ Yes □ No
7. 为了读懂小说,我需要。
□ 提高语言运用能力□ 形成高效的读写策略
□ 坚持阅读□ 丰富背景知识
8. 本次读写活动后,我对撰写小说读后感更有思路了。□ Yes □ No
9. 我计划用的时间读完小说(标题)。