穿越古今的戚家拳

董宇 王彦生

戚家拳发源于蓬莱，传播于山東、福建、浙江、广东、河北一带，完善于明代抗倭实践中，流行至今。戚家拳在中国武术界影响颇深，2009年，戚家拳列入山东省第二批非物质文化遗产名录。

戚家拳由明代著名爱国将领、伟大的民族英雄戚继光吸取各家著名拳法之长创编而成，与戚家军当年丰富的实战经验相结合，是古老的汉族拳术之一，已有400余年的历史。

戚家拳汇总了宋太祖的三十二势长拳、温家七十二行拳、三十六合锁、二十四弃探马、八闪番、十二短等拳法的技术特点以及拳法中的踢、打、摔、拿的技击方法创编而成。记述了当时流传的十六家名拳，此拳种汇集多种拳法的精华，结合戚家军抗倭的经验，在战场上发挥了极其重要的作用。

戚家拳经过历代传承，具有以下特点：

强健体魄。戚家拳有较好的强身作用，拳术具有“活动手足，惯勤肢体”的作用。戚家拳中有着丰富、巧妙的技术和锻炼方法，包括跳跃、平衡、滚翻、跌扑及多种腿法、步法、步型、手法和身法、眼法，对锻炼肌肉和韧带提高身体力量和弹跳能力有显著作用。其中的扫转、翻腾、跳跃、平衡等复杂动作组合，有很大的难度和强度，可使人体的呼吸系统、血液循环系统、神经系统等得到全面锻炼提高。经常习练戚家拳，对人体技能和谐活跃，提高整体功能的效果十分明显。同时习练此拳能壮胆坚魄，使胆怯者气壮，懦弱者坚强。

来源于实战。戚家拳是戚继光在长期抵抗倭寇的战役中总结出来实战方法，戚家拳古朴无华，实战性强。刚柔勇猛，缠裹挤靠，非踢必打，非摔必拿。闪展穿跃，气势磅礴，节奏明晰。动则摧枯拉朽，静则深不可测。势势相承，遇敌制胜，变化无穷。戚家拳朴实无华，结构严密，刚柔相济。内容丰富、充实，踢、打、摔、拿、跌、劈、崩、砸、冲、扫、挤、靠、缠、挑、弹、挂，无所不包。每个拳式，每一动作，都有着实战的技击攻防含义。

The Qi’s Fist， known as “Qijia Quan”， is one of the famous traditional Chinese martial arts that originated in Penglai， spread in Shandong， Fujian， Zhejiang， Guangdong， and Hebei provinces， and was perfected in the anti-Japanese pirates fighting practice in the Ming Dynasty. Still popular today， the Qi’s Fist has a profound influence in the circles of Chinese martial arts. In 2009， it was included in the second batch of intangible cultural heritage list in Shandong Province.

Created by Qi Jiguang， a famous patriotic general and great national hero of the Ming Dynasty， the Qi’s Fist draws on the strengths of various famous fist techniques in combination with the rich practical experience of the Qi’s Army. It is one of the ancient Chinese fist techniques with a history of over 400 years.

The Qi’s Fist is a combination of the technical characteristics of various styles of fists， including the 32-move Long Fist of Song Taizu （first emperor of the Song Dynasty）， the Wen’s 72-move Fist， the 36-move interlocking Fist， the 24-move Abandoned Horse Riding Fist， the 8-move Rotating Fist， and the 12-move Short Fist， as well as the techniques of kicking， hitting， throwing， and holding. It describes the sixteen famous fists that were popular at that time. As an integrated fist gathering the essence of up to 16 kinds of fists as well as the experience of the Qi’s Army in fighting Japanese pirates， the Qi’s Fist plays an extremely important role in battlefields.